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Additively manufactured (AM) bone scaffolds may be effective tools to treat these defects; however, the influence of infill architecture on early bone formation remains poorly characterized. This study used 3D\u2010printed biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds to investigate the relationships between infill architecture, bone growth, and mechanical properties in a 4\u2010week in\u00a0vitro experiment. Scaffolds containing bovine allograft were constructed with Gyroid and Honeycomb architectures at two porosity levels (40% and 60%). It was hypothesized that Gyroid scaffolds would accelerate early bone formation compared with Honeycomb designs. Gyroid architectures generally showed greater metabolic activity at weeks 3 and 4, with significant differences varying by porosity and time point. Micro\u2010CT analysis demonstrated significantly greater mineralized tissue volume and mineral density in Gyroid scaffolds compared with Honeycomb scaffolds at 4\u2009weeks. Compressive mechanical testing indicated that Honeycomb structures were significantly stiffer and stronger than Gyroid scaffolds throughout the study. These results demonstrate that infill architecture significantly influences early bone formation independently of pore size and highlight a fundamental tradeoff between biological and mechanical performance in AM PCL scaffold design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.70164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T03:59:09Z","timestamp":1791345549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Infill Architecture Drives Early Osteogenesis in Additively Manufactured\n                    <scp>PCL<\/scp>\n                    Scaffolds With Controlled Porosity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2446-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham","family":"Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5581-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina Bargallo Gonzalez","family":"Lugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics Stanford University School of Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5406-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Bonfini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lekha","family":"Antala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0016-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Fainor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McKay Orthopaedic Research Lab, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMC VA Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Gullbrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McKay Orthopaedic Research Lab, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMC VA Medical Center  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0351-9196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael W.","family":"Hast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00172-0","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Bone Fractures in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"2","author":"GBD 2019 Fracture Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longevity"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Management of Segmental Bone Defects","volume":"23","author":"Mauffrey C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9040171","article-title":"Novel Techniques and Future Perspective for Investigating Critical\u2010Size Bone Defects","volume":"9","author":"Huang E. 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