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Numerous pharmacological and exercise therapies have been implemented to mitigate bone loss after SCI. However, these therapies have not been shown to improve bone density, potentially because of insufficient duration and magnitude of loading and\/or inability of imaging modalities to capture changes in bone microarchitecture. In this cross\u2010sectional study, we evaluated bone microstructure of the distal tibia and radius using HR\u2010pQCT in men with SCI (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 13) who regularly trained with functional electrical stimulation\u2010 (FES\u2010) rowing. We aimed to determine whether the amount of FES\u2010rowing (total distance rowed and peak foot force) and\/or time since injury (TSI) predict bone loss after SCI. We assessed volumetric density of the total, cortical, and trabecular compartments, cortical thickness, and trabecular thickness. Using linear regression analysis, we found that TSI was not associated with any of the tibial bone metrics. In fact, none of the variables (TSI, total distance rowed, and peak foot force) independently predicted bone loss. Using stepwise regression, when all three variables were considered together, we found a strong prediction for trabecular microstructure (trabecular vBMD: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.53; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.06; trabecular thickness: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.72; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), but not cortical bone metrics. In particular, trabecular vBMD and thickness were negatively associated with TSI and positively associated with distance rowed. Foot force contributed markedly less to trabecular bone than distance rowed or TSI. Our results suggest that regular FES\u2010rowing may have the capacity to alter the time\u2010dependent bone negative effects of SCI on trabecular bone density and microstructure. \u00a9 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T19:18:12Z","timestamp":1557343092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effects of FES\u2010Rowing Exercise on the Time\u2010Dependent Changes in Bone Microarchitecture After Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross\u2010Sectional Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Adina E","family":"Draghici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Northeastern University  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Laboratory Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Andrew","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Laboratory Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary L","family":"Bouxsein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra J","family":"Shefelbine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Northeastern University  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Northeastern University  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00326-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753888"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4733-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-2028-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.01.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_1_7_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Tibial bone density loss in spinal cord injured patients: effects of FES exercise","volume":"31","author":"Hangartner TN","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100905"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199801000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02683.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-010-0029-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3678-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000142"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199601000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101929"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2003.01156.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/h05-036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101774"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2008.11760712"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_1_22_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Effect of \u201cstanding\u201d on spasticity, contracture, and osteoporosis in paralyzed males","volume":"74","author":"Kunkel CF","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_1_23_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Bone mineral density after bicycle ergometry training","volume":"71","author":"Leeds EM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90190-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.1991.10.0019"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_7_1_26_1","first-page":"654","article-title":"Restoration of functional gait in paraplegic patients with the RGO\u2010II hybrid orthosis. 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