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Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota play important roles in regulating bone metabolism. A previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that supplementation with\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC PTA 6475 (\n                    <jats:italic>L.reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) led to substantially reduced bone loss in older women with low BMD. However, the total metabolic effects of\n                    <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    supplementation on older women are still not clear. In this study, a post hoc analysis (not predefined) of serum metabolomic profiles of older women from the previous RCT was performed to investigate the metabolic dynamics over 1 year and to evaluate the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    supplementation on human metabolism. Distinct segregation of the\n                    <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    and placebo groups in response to the treatment was revealed by partial least squares\u2010discriminant analysis. Although no individual metabolite was differentially and significantly associated with treatment after correction for multiple testing, 97 metabolites responded differentially at any one time point between\n                    <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    and placebo groups (variable importance in projection score\u2009&gt;1 and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    value &lt;0.05). These metabolites were involved in multiple processes, including amino acid, peptide, and lipid metabolism. Butyrylcarnitine was particularly increased at all investigated time points in the\n                    <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    group compared with placebo, indicating that the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    on bone loss are mediated through butyrate signaling. Furthermore, the metabolomic profiles in a case (low BMD) and control population (high BMD) of elderly women were analyzed to confirm the associations between BMD and the identified metabolites regulated by\n                    <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    supplementation. The amino acids, especially branched\u2010chain amino acids, showed association with\n                    <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment and with low BMD in older women, and may serve as potential therapeutic targets. \u00a9 2021 The Authors.\n                    <jats:italic>JBMR Plus<\/jats:italic>\n                    published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T12:09:20Z","timestamp":1612958960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Metabolic Alterations in Older Women With Low Bone Mineral Density Supplemented With\n                    <i>Lactobacillus reuteri<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Peishun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sundh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Lappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingqun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biological Engineering Chalmers University of Technology  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability Technical University of Denmark  Kgs. 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