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Vitamin D deficiency is common in breast cancer patients, and some evidence suggests that low vitamin D status enhances the risk for disease development or progression. Although many 1,25D\u2010responsive targets in normal mammary cells and in breast cancers have been identified, validation of specific targets that regulate cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, and differentiation, particularly in vivo, has been challenging. Model systems of carcinogenesis have provided evidence that both VDR expression and 1,25D actions change with transformation, but clinical data regarding vitamin D responsiveness of established tumors is limited and inconclusive. Because breast cancer is heterogeneous, the relevant VDR targets and potential sensitivity to vitamin D repletion or supplementation will likely differ between patient populations. Detailed analysis of VDR actions in specific molecular subtypes of the disease will be necessary to clarify the conflicting data. Genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of in vitro and in vivo model systems are also warranted to comprehensively understand the network of vitamin D\u2013regulated pathways in the context of breast cancer heterogeneity. This review provides an update on recent studies spanning the spectrum of mechanistic (cell\/molecular), preclinical (animal models), and translational work on the role of vitamin D in breast cancer. \u00a9 2021 The Author.\n                    <jats:italic>JBMR Plus<\/jats:italic>\n                    published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T04:51:46Z","timestamp":1637038306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Vitamin D and Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Update"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7025-7889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JoEllen","family":"Welsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences 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