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Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings reduce cytotoxicity, yet long\u2010term impacts of varied coatings remain critical. This study investigated PEGylated GO nanoparticles (P\u2010GO) of two lateral sizes (\u2248100\u2013300\u2009nm and \u22481\u20131.5\u2009\u03bcm) with linear or branched PEG coatings on THP\u20101 monocyte viability, apoptosis, metabolism, and wide\u2010spectrum cytokine production. Only the larger branched PEG\u2010coated GO (25\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) exhibited cytotoxicity after 72\u2009h. Other variants showed no cytotoxicity but modulated THP\u20101 activity. Larger linear PEG\u2010coated GO induced apoptosis within 24\u2009h. All particles in a concentration of 25\u2009\u03bcg\/mL were internalized by\/adhered to cells, suppressed ROS production, and altered cytokine profiles: TNF\u2010\u03b1, MIP\u20101\u03b2, MIP\u20101\u03b1, and G\u2010CSF increased, while HGF and SCGF\u2010\u03b2 decreased. Larger branched PEG\u2010coated GO suppressed oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis after 24\u2009h. While a spectrum of effects of PEGylated graphene oxide on THP\u20101 cell functions was identified, predominantly observed at a dose of 25\u2009\u03bcg\/mL over a 24 to 72\u2010h exposure period, no clear dependence of P\u2010GO nanoparticle effects on THP\u20101 cells was observed with respect to PEG coating type (linear vs. branched) or particle size. At 5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, P\u2010GO caused minimal functional modulation. Thus, the study underscores the potential of low\u2010concentration P\u2010GO for therapeutic use while cautioning that even non\u2010cytotoxic nanoparticles can profoundly alter immune cell behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbma.70011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T18:37:25Z","timestamp":1767033445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of\n                    <scp>PEGylated<\/scp>\n                    Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles on the Functions and Metabolism of\n                    <scp>THP<\/scp>\n                    \u20101 Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Timganova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of 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