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Tissue\u2010engineered tracheas (TETs) have emerged as a promising alternative by integrating advances in scaffold design, fabrication techniques, and biological augmentation. Recent progress in scaffold materials, including decellularized natural matrices, synthetic polymers, and hybrid composites, has led to the development of constructs that better mimic the structural and functional properties of the native trachea. Fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, electrospinning, and cell sheet engineering have enabled the production of anatomically precise and patient\u2010specific grafts. In parallel, biological strategies aimed at promoting vascularization, accelerating epithelialization, and modulating immune responses have significantly improved graft integration and long\u2010term functionality. Despite these advances, the clinical translation of TETs remains hindered by challenges related to achieving adequate vascularization, complete epithelialization, and immune modulation. Additionally, regulatory approval requires rigorous preclinical validation, standardized manufacturing protocols, and long\u2010term safety assessments to ensure consistent clinical outcomes. As these challenges are addressed through ongoing research, TETs hold the potential to revolutionize the treatment of long\u2010segment tracheal defects by providing functional, durable, and biologically integrated airway replacements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmb.70016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T04:01:22Z","timestamp":1767585682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fabrication and Functional Integration of a Bioengineered Tracheal Graft With Angiogenic and Epithelial Regeneration Potential for Airway Restoration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Chong","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Imaging Center Jilin Province FAW General Hospital  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand and Burn Surgery Jilin Province FAW General Hospital  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Jilin Province FAW General Hospital  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Jilin Province FAW General Hospital  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangwu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology Jilin Province FAW General Hospital  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8596-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhua","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MR, Imaging Center Jilin Province FAW General Hospital  Jilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezae269"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02211-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0154-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14315"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-26625-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14040196"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2022_707"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11020198"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB02100A"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbiosy.2023.100074"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13030096"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02920-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202202181"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112201"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10534"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjon.2023.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302076"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11080777"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202400054"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","article-title":"Decellularization Compromises Mechanical and Structural Properties of the Native Trachea","volume":"2","author":"Greaney A. 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