{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:53:02Z","timestamp":1773010382904,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304\/CIPPT\/6315165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304\/CIPPT\/6315165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Mater Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To develop a novel enhancement medium using polyethylene glycol (PEG)\u2010conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for improved detection of clinically significant alloantibodies in antibody screening tests (AST), addressing the limitations of low ionic strength solution (LISS). PEG AuNPs were synthesized through a one\u2010step method and characterized using UV\u2013Visible spectroscopy, EFTEM, FESEM, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and FT\u2010IR spectroscopy. The PEG AuNPs' performance was evaluated against LISS in 120 plasma samples (both antibody\u2010positive and negative) by scoring RBC agglutination reactions. Synthesized PEG AuNPs showed a ruby red color with a single absorption peak at 529\u2009nm, confirming AuNP surface plasmon resonance. Spherical colloids averaged 152.73\u2009\u00b1\u200919.59\u2009nm, with stability indicated by a zeta potential of \u22126.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.57\u2009mV. Significantly higher RBC agglutination scores were observed with PEG AuNPs during the anti\u2010human globulin (AHG) phase (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.010), especially for anti\u2010D and anti\u2010Le\n                    <jats:sup>a<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/anti\u2010Le\n                    <jats:sup>b<\/jats:sup>\n                    antibodies (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007 and 0.036, respectively). PEGylated AuNPs significantly enhanced RBC agglutination reactions compared to LISS, particularly for anti\u2010D and combined anti\u2010Le\n                    <jats:sup>a<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/anti\u2010Le\n                    <jats:sup>b<\/jats:sup>\n                    antibodies, presenting a promising alternative for AST.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmb.70036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T07:37:57Z","timestamp":1768894677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>PEGylated<\/scp>\n                    Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Agglutination Enhancement Medium for Antibody Screening Test"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4353-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Salmah","family":"Noordin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains  Kepala Batas Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nordiyana","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0313-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Azrul","family":"Zabidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial and Biomaterial Group Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5267-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuratul Ain Abdul","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafeezul","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Yusmaidie","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia  Kepala Batas 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