{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:22:21Z","timestamp":1791591741245,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,23]],"date-time":"2010-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1290470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Fractures are common in children, and some studies suggest an increasing incidence. Data on population-based long-term trends are scarce. In order to establish fracture incidence and epidemiologic patterns, we carried out a population-based study in Helsinki, Finland. All fractures in children aged 0 to 15 years were recorded from public health care institutions during a 12-month period in 2005. Details regarding patient demographics, fracture site, and trauma mechanism were collected. All fractures were confirmed from radiographs. Similar data from 1967, 1978, and 1983 were used for comparison. In 2005, altogether 1396 fractures were recorded, 63% in boys. The overall fracture incidence was 163 per 10,000. Causative injuries consisted of mainly falls when running or walking or from heights less than 1.5 m. Fracture incidence peaked at 10 years in girls and 14 years in boys. An increase in fracture incidence was seen from 1967 to 1983 (24%, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001), but a significant decrease (18%, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001) was seen from 1983 to 2005. This reduction was largest in children between the ages of 10 and 13 years. Despite the overall decrease and marked decrease in hand (\u221239%, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001) and foot (\u221248%, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001) fractures, the incidence of forearm and upper arm fractures increased significantly by 31% (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001) and 39% (p\u2009=\u2009.021), respectively. Based on these findings, the overall incidence of childhood fractures has decreased significantly during the last two decades. Concurrently, the incidence of forearm and upper arm fractures has increased by one-third. The reasons for these epidemiologic changes remain to be elucidated in future studies. \u00a9 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,21]],"date-time":"2010-06-21T04:22:30Z","timestamp":1277094150000},"page":"2752-2759","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Decreasing incidence and changing pattern of childhood fractures: A population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mervi K","family":"M\u00e4yr\u00e4np\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Outi","family":"M\u00e4kitie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pentti E","family":"Kallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fracture patterns in children: analysis of 8682 fractures with special reference to incidence, etiology and secular changes in a Swedish urban population 1950- 1979","volume":"202","author":"Landin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand Suppl."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.3.225","article-title":"Childhood accidents: an endemic of epidemic proportion","volume":"56","author":"Sibert","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00811.x","article-title":"Symptomatic fracture incidence in those under 50 years of age in southern Tasmania","volume":"38","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EJEP.0000027355.85493.cb","article-title":"Occurrence and risk factors of unintentional injuries among 12- to 18-year-old Finns: a survey of 8219 adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Mattila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199905000-00011","article-title":"A 10-year study of the changes in the pattern and treatment of 6,493 fractures","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.82.6.452","article-title":"Incidence and cause of fractures in European districts","volume":"82","author":"Lyons","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200309000-00010","article-title":"Childhood fractures in Bergen, Norway: identifying high-risk groups and activities","volume":"23","author":"Brudvik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.5.2.129","article-title":"Children's fractures: a population based study","volume":"5","author":"Lyons","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inj Prev."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.040902","article-title":"Epidemiology of childhood fractures in Britain: a study using the general practice research database","volume":"19","author":"Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.522","article-title":"Patterns of injury in children: a population-based approach","volume":"113","author":"Spady","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760070043","article-title":"Increasing incidence of distal radius fractures in Japanese children and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Hagino","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.11.1479","article-title":"Incidence of childhood distal forearm fractures over 30 years: a population-based study","volume":"290","author":"Khosla","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib13","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Rockwood and Wilkins' Fractures in Children","author":"Wilkins","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/01202412-199704000-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology of children's fractures","volume":"6","author":"Landin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop B."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679908997853","article-title":"Decreasing incidence of fractures in children: an epidemiological analysis of 1,673 fractures in Malmo, Sweden, 1993- 1994","volume":"70","author":"Tiderius","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.04.116","article-title":"Children's fractures in Estonia: Population based study","volume":"45","author":"Maasalu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib17","first-page":"516","article-title":"Childhood deaths and injuries in Finland in 1971- 1995","volume":"29","author":"Parkkari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.05.016","article-title":"Low volumetric BMD is linked to upper-limb fracture in pubertal girls and persists into adulthood: a seven-year cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01519","article-title":"Operative treatment of fractures in children is increasing. A population-based study from Finland","volume":"91","author":"Helenius","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib20","first-page":"1246","article-title":"Traumatologian osuus lastenkirurgiassa (Traumatology in Pediatric Surgery)","volume":"85","author":"Louhimo","year":"1969","journal-title":"Duodecim."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib21","first-page":"2425","article-title":"Lasten yl\u00e4- ja alaraajamurtumat eri vuodenaikoina (Upper extremity and lower extremity fractures in children, seasonal variation)","volume":"35","author":"Vahvanen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Suom l\u00e4\u00e4k l."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib22","author":"Honkanen"},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060815","article-title":"Nationwide decline in incidence of hip fracture","volume":"21","author":"Kannus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib24","author":"City of Helsinki"},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.01110.x","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity in 5- and 12-year-old Finnish children in. 1986 and 2006","volume":"98","author":"Vuorela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.10.1672","article-title":"A six-year longitudinal study of the relationship of physical activity to bone mineral accrual in growing children: the university of Saskatchewan bone mineral accrual study","volume":"14","author":"Bailey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080303","article-title":"Vigorous physical activity increases fracture risk in children irrespective of bone mass: a prospective study of the independent risk factors for fractures in healthy children","volume":"23","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib28","first-page":"39","article-title":"The most frequent traumatic orthopaedic injuries from a national pediatric inpatient population","volume":"25","author":"Galano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(83)80210-3","article-title":"Ten years of experience with falls from a height in children","volume":"18","author":"Barlow","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.4.3.194","article-title":"Fractures among children: incidence and impact on daily activities","volume":"4","author":"Kopjar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inj Prev."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.6.1065","article-title":"Four-year gain in bone mineral in girls with and without past forearm fractures: a DXA study. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020320084844800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1446","article-title":"Vitamin D and attainment of peak bone mass among peripubertal Finnish girls: a 3-y prospective study","volume":"76","author":"Lehtonen-Veromaa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjbmr.155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/25\/12\/2752\/56577984\/jbmr155.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/25\/12\/2752\/56577984\/jbmr155.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T14:46:03Z","timestamp":1710341163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/25\/12\/2752-2759\/7600194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.155","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,23]]}}}