{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:25:13Z","timestamp":1792009513628,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Vitamin K (vitamin K1 or phylloquinone and vitamin K2, a series of menaquinones [MKs]) is involved in the production of bone and matrix amino acid \u03b3-carboxy-glutamic acid (Gla) proteins, regulating bone and vascular calcification. Low vitamin K concentrations are associated with increased risks of fractures and vascular calcification, and frequent complications in hemodialysis patients. We carried out an observational study to establish the prevalence of vitamin K deficiency and to assess the relationship between vitamin K status, vertebral fractures, vascular calcification, and survival in 387 patients on hemodialysis for \u22651 year. We determined plasma levels of vitamin K compound, bone-Gla-protein, matrix-Gla-protein, and routine biochemistry. Vertebral fractures (reduction in vertebral body height by \u226520%) and aortic and iliac calcifications were also investigated in a spine (D5\u2013L4) radiograph. Three-year patient survival was analyzed. Important proportions of patients had deficiency of MK7 (35.4%), vitamin K1 (23.5%), and MK4 (14.5%). A total of 55.3% of patients had vertebral fractures, 80.6% had abdominal aorta calcification, and 56.1% had iliac calcification. Vitamin K1 deficiency was the strongest predictor of vertebral fractures (odds ratio [OR], 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38\u20136.26). MK4 deficiency was a predictor of aortic calcification (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.14\u20137.01), whereas MK5 deficiency actually protected against it (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.15\u20130.95). MK7 deficiency was a predictor of iliac calcification (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.03\u20132.60). The presence of vertebral fractures was also a predictor of vascular calcifications (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.00\u20133.08). Increased alkaline phosphatase and C reactive protein (CRP), age, and cerebrovascular events were predictors of mortality. Our study suggests that the vitamin K system may be important for preserving bone mass and avoiding vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients, pointing out a possible role of vitamin K in bone and vascular health. Based on our results, we suggest that the general population should also be studied for vitamin K deficiency as a possible cause of both vertebral fractures and vascular calcification. \u00a9 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T15:45:27Z","timestamp":1339515927000},"page":"2271-2278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Vitamin K, vertebral fractures, vascular calcifications, and mortality: VItamin K Italian (VIKI) dialysis study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Section, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)\u2013Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Noale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Section, Consiglio Nazionale 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Vajente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Plebani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Zaninotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Guglielmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Miotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Diagnostiche e Terapie Speciali, Sezione di Radiologia, Universit\u00e0 di Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Dalle Carbonare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Medicina Interna D, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"D'Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agostino","family":"Naso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Hospital San Giovanni di Dio of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Miozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Clinic 4, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Gallieni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Hospital San Carlo Borromeo, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the VItamin K Italian (VIKI) Dialysis Study 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