{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:15:45Z","timestamp":1710375345606},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]],"date-time":"2010-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1282089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bone mineral density (BMD) is an important factor linked to bone health. Little is known of the prevalence of low BMD and its associated risk factors in an urban underserved population. Between 2001 and 2004, we recruited 338 subjects who completed drug use and medical history questionnaires, underwent hormonal measurements, and underwent whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for evaluation of BMD and body composition. Of these, 132 subjects had site-specific DXA (lumbar spine and hip) performed. Osteoporosis was defined as a T-score of \u20132.5 or less for men 50 years of age and older and postmenopausal women and a Z-score of \u20132.0 or less in men younger than 50 years of age and premenopausal women at either the lumbar spine, total hip, or femoral neck, according to National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) guidelines. The cohort consisted of mostly African-American, middle-aged people with a high prevalence of illicit drug use, 50% HIV+, and 39% hepatitis C+. Osteoporosis was identified in 22% of subjects (24 men, 5 women), with the majority of cases (90%) attributable to osteoporosis at the lumbar spine. Osteoporosis was more common in men than in women. Lower whole-body BMD among women was associated with multiple risk factors, but only with lower lean mass among men. Osteoporosis was highly prevalent in men, mainly at the spine. The risk factors for bone loss in this population need to be further clarified. Screening men for osteoporosis starting at age 50 might be warranted in this population given the multiple risk factors and the unexpectedly high prevalence of low BMD. \u00a9 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]],"date-time":"2010-08-18T17:48:08Z","timestamp":1282153688000},"page":"388-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence of low bone mineral density in a low-income inner-city population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Diala","family":"El-Maouche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Joseph","family":"Cofrancesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian S","family":"Dobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd T","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib1"},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib2"},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0707217","article-title":"Clinical practice: osteoporosis in men","volume":"358","author":"Ebeling","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0002","article-title":"Osteoporosis in men","volume":"29","author":"Khosla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f3cc21","article-title":"Illicit drug use and HIV treatment outcomes in a US cohort","volume":"22","author":"Cofrancesco","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)01088-3","article-title":"Nutritional assessment of drug addicts","volume":"38","author":"Santolaria-Fernandez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1550-8579(07)80007-6","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in men and women using heroin and cocaine, stratified by HIV status","volume":"4","author":"Wisniewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gend Med."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.9.1265","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and bone mineral density in older men and women","volume":"83","author":"Hollenbach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.027","article-title":"Low bone density in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070026","article-title":"Bone mineral density and body composition in underweight and normal elderly subjects","volume":"11","author":"Coin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1734-y","article-title":"Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture","author":"Kanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0828","article-title":"Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system","volume":"93","author":"Triant","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01667.x","article-title":"Fracture risk associated with the use of morphine and opiates","volume":"260","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib14"},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib15"},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib16","volume-title":"Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis","author":"National Osteoporosis Foundation","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1871-y","article-title":"Osteoporosis assessment by whole body region vs. site-specific DXA","volume":"16","author":"Melton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021367","article-title":"Racial differences in bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adolescent females","volume":"88","author":"Bryant","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.6.1256S","article-title":"Race and diet interactions in the acquisition, maintenance, and loss of bone","volume":"138","author":"Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0321-9","article-title":"Race\/ethnic differences in bone mineral density in men","volume":"18","author":"Araujo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100305","article-title":"Ethnic differences in bone density in female South African nurses","volume":"10","author":"Daniels","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650040606","article-title":"Influence of body habitus and race on bone mineral density of the midradius, hip, and spine in aging women","volume":"4","author":"DeSimone","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090817","article-title":"Reference data for bone mass, calciotropic hormones, and biochemical markers of bone remodeling in older (55\u201375) postmenopausal white and black women","volume":"9","author":"Kleerekoper","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0870587","article-title":"A comparison of bone mineral density between Caucasian, Asian and Afro-Caribbean women","volume":"87","author":"Tobias","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071010","article-title":"Racial differences in pre- and postmenopausal bone homeostasis: association with bone density","volume":"7","author":"Meier","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622262","article-title":"Proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults","volume":"5","author":"Looker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050093","article-title":"Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults","volume":"8","author":"Looker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-0034-5","article-title":"Utility of screening tools for the prediction of low bone mass in African American men","volume":"17","author":"Sinnott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000132873.50734.7d","article-title":"Depression and bone mineral density in young adults: results from NHANES III","volume":"66","author":"Mussolino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0746-4","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D insufficiency on bone mineral density in African American men","volume":"20","author":"Akhter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib31","first-page":"626","article-title":"Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 1988- 2004. Arch","volume":"169","author":"Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-191","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D status in African American men","volume":"9","author":"Tseng","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.6.958","article-title":"Resistance to bone resorbing effects of PTH in black women","volume":"12","author":"Cosman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.07.007","article-title":"Reduced physical activity corresponds with greater bone loss at the trabecular than the cortical bone sites in men","volume":"45","author":"Tervo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060708","article-title":"BMD and risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older men: a prospective study and comparison with older women","volume":"21","author":"Cummings","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0510-1","article-title":"Rate and circumstances of clinical vertebral fractures in older men","volume":"19","author":"Freitas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.4.710","article-title":"Risk factors for longitudinal bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study","volume":"15","author":"Hannan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0720-1","article-title":"Risk factors for low BMD in healthy men age 50 years or older: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050244","article-title":"Determinants of bone loss in elderly men and women: a prospective population-based study","volume":"10","author":"Dennison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116842","article-title":"Relation between body size and bone mineral density in elderly men and women","volume":"138","author":"Edelstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s007740300003","article-title":"Relative contribution of lean and fat mass component to bone mineral density in males","volume":"21","author":"Douchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.11.2142","article-title":"Determinants of bone mineral density in older men and women: body composition as mediator","volume":"16","author":"Pluijm","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib43","first-page":"45","article-title":"Determinants of total body and regional bone mineral density in normal postmenopausal women-a key role for fat mass","volume":"75","author":"Reid","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0835-z","article-title":"Estimated prevalence and patterns of presumed osteoporosis among older Americans based on Medicare data","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0157.x","article-title":"Disparities in osteoporosis screening between at-risk African-American and white women","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"2024020318045557900_bib46","first-page":"18","article-title":"Unrecognized risks among Veterans with hip fractures: opportunities for improvements","volume":"12","author":"Ohldin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J South Orthop Assoc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjbmr.221","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/26\/2\/388\/56559231\/221_ftp.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/26\/2\/388\/56559231\/221_ftp.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T14:51:46Z","timestamp":1710341506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/26\/2\/388-396\/7598136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.221","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]]}}}