{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:28:53Z","timestamp":1791174533354,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite wide variations in hip rates fractures worldwide, reasons for such differences are not clear. Furthermore, secular trends in the age-specific hip fracture rates are changing the world map of this devastating disease, with the highest rise projected to occur in developing countries. The aim of our investigation is to systematically characterize secular trends in hip fractures worldwide, examine new data for various ethnic groups in the United States, evidence for divergent temporal patterns, and investigate potential contributing factors for the observed change in their epidemiology. All studies retrieved through a complex Medline Ovid search between 1966 and 2013 were examined. For each selected study, we calculated the percent annual change in age-standardized hip fracture rates de-novo. Although occurring at different time points, trend breaks in hip fracture incidence occurred in most Western countries and Oceania. After a steep rise in age-adjusted rates in these regions, a decrease became evident sometimes between the mid-seventies and nineties, depending on the country. Conversely, the data is scarce in Asia and South America, with evidence for a continuous rise in hip fracture rates, with the exception of Hong-Kong and Taiwan that seem to follow Western trends. The etiologies of these secular patterns in both the developed and the developing countries have not been fully elucidated, but the impact of urbanization is at least one plausible explanation. Data presented here show close parallels between rising rates of urbanization and hip fractures across disparate geographic locations and cultures. Once the proportion of the urban population stabilized, hip fracture rates also stabilize or begin to decrease perhaps due to the influence of other factors such as birth cohort effects, changes in bone mineral density and BMI, osteoporosis medication use and\/or lifestyle interventions such as smoking cessation, improvement in nutritional status and fall prevention. \u00a9 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T12:40:50Z","timestamp":1395146450000},"page":"1745-1755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":166,"title":["Secular Trends in Hip Fractures Worldwide: Opposing Trends East Versus West"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ghada","family":"Ballane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders, Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterBeirutLebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A","family":"Cauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public HealthUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie M","family":"Luckey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barnabas Health Osteoporosis CenterLivingstonNJUSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada El-Hajj","family":"Fuleihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders, Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmerican University of Beirut Medical CenterBeirutLebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116756","article-title":"Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic fractures","volume":"137","author":"Cooper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9156","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09075-8","article-title":"Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study","volume":"353","author":"Center","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1627-0","article-title":"An estimate of the worldwide prevalence, mortality and disability associated with hip fracture","volume":"15","author":"Johnell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1596-3","article-title":"The burden of osteoporosis in Latin America","volume":"15","author":"Morales-Torres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1601-6","article-title":"Secular trends in the incidence of hip and other osteoporotic fractures","volume":"22","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623184","article-title":"Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection","volume":"2","author":"Cooper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00004148","article-title":"World-wide projections for hip fracture","volume":"7","author":"Gullberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.519","article-title":"Rapidly increasing rates of hip fracture in Beijing","volume":"27","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"China. J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415853-5.00027-3","volume-title":"Osteoporosis","author":"Ballane","year":"2013","edition":"4th ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555245","article-title":"Secular trends in the incidence of hip fractures","volume":"41","author":"Melton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050050","article-title":"Long-term trends in hip fracture prevalence: the influence of hip fracture incidence and survival","volume":"8","author":"Melton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0742-8","article-title":"Secular trends in hip fracture incidence and recurrence","volume":"20","author":"Melton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"14","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1462","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of hip fractures in the United States","volume":"302","author":"Brauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1592-7","article-title":"Increasing hip fracture incidence in California Hispanics, 1983 to 2000","volume":"15","author":"Zingmond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1684","article-title":"Recent trends in hip fracture rates by race\/ethnicity among older US adults","volume":"27","author":"Wright","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1231","article-title":"Trends in hip fracture rates in Canada","volume":"302","author":"Leslie","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"39","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0017","first-page":"105","article-title":"The impact and consequences of hip fracture in Ontario","author":"Jaglal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041231","article-title":"Population trends in BMD testing, treatment, and hip and wrist fracture rates: are the hip fracture projections wrong","volume":"20","author":"Jaglal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117651","article-title":"Rates of transcervical and pertrochanteric hip fractures in the province of Quebec, Canada, 1981-1992","volume":"142","author":"Levy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1749-0","article-title":"Secular trends of hip fractures in Quebec","volume":"23","author":"Vanasse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canada. Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1470-4","article-title":"Secular decreases in fracture rates 1986\u20132006 for Manitoba, Canada: a population-based analysis","volume":"22","author":"Leslie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1475-z","article-title":"Increasing age- and sex-specific rates of hip fracture in Mexico: a survey of the Mexican Institute of Social Security","volume":"22","author":"Johansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0023","first-page":"27","article-title":"Trends in hip fracture rates in Ecuador and projections for the future","volume":"29","author":"Orces","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-0012-y","article-title":"Time trends of age-adjusted incidence rates of first hip fractures: a register-based study among older people in Viborg County, Denmark, 1987-1997","volume":"17","author":"Giversen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0957-3","article-title":"Declining incidence of hip fractures and the extent of use of anti-osteoporotic therapy in Denmark 1997\u20132006","volume":"21","author":"Abrahamsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0026","author":"Rosengren"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2190-8","article-title":"Continuous decline in incidence of hip fracture: nationwide statistics from Finland between 1970 and 2010","volume":"24","author":"Korhonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00603-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of hip fractures in Oslo","volume":"29","author":"Lofthus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Norway. Bone"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1485-x","article-title":"Hip fractures in a city in Northern Norway over 15 years: time trends, seasonal variation and mortality: the Harstad Injury Prevention Study","volume":"22","author":"Emaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9711-9","article-title":"Hip fractures in Norway 1999-2008 : time trends in total incidence and second hip fracture rates: a NOREPOS study","volume":"27","author":"Omsland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(93)90345-B","article-title":"Incidence of hip fractures in Malmo, Sweden (1950\u20131991)","author":"Gullberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-48","article-title":"Prevalence of osteoporosis and incidence of hip fracture in women\u2014secular trends over 30 years","volume":"11","author":"Ahlborg","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3109\/17453670903278282","article-title":"The hip fracture incidence curve is shifting to the right","volume":"80","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318256982a","article-title":"Secular trends in Swedish hip fractures 1987-2002 : birth cohort and period effects","volume":"23","author":"Rosengren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2422-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of fractures in Iceland and secular trends in major osteoporotic fractures 1989\u20132008","volume":"25","author":"Siggeirsdottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050128","article-title":"A secular trend in hip fracture incidence in East Germany","volume":"9","author":"Wildner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0534-6","article-title":"Trend of hip fracture incidence in Germany 1995-2004 : a population-based study","volume":"19","author":"Icks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623183","article-title":"Epidemiology of hip fractures in The Netherlands: women compared with men","volume":"2","author":"Boereboom","year":"1992","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1245","article-title":"Developments of the incidence of osteoporosis in The Netherlands: a PHARMO study","volume":"16","author":"Goettsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6733","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6733.1173","article-title":"Trends in admissions for hip fracture in England and Wales, 1968\u201385","volume":"300","author":"Spector","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/23.1.11","article-title":"Trends in hospital admissions for fractures of the hip and femur in England, 1989\u20131990 to 1997-1998","volume":"23","author":"Balasegaram","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Public Health Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdq074","article-title":"Admission rates and in-hospital mortality for hip fractures in England 1998 to 2009: time trends study","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2032-8","article-title":"Hospitalisations for fracture and associated costs between 2000 and 2009 in Ireland: a trend analysis","volume":"24","author":"McGowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1271-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of hip fractures in Austria: evidence for a change in the secular trend","volume":"22","author":"Dimai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1255-9","article-title":"Change in hip fracture incidence over the last 6 years in France","volume":"22","author":"Maravic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1487-8","article-title":"Fracture hospitalizations between years 2000 and 2007 in Switzerland: a trend analysis","volume":"22","author":"Lippuner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-0008-7","article-title":"Trend in hip fracture epidemiology over a 14-year period in a Spanish population","volume":"17","author":"Hernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1337-z","article-title":"Hip fracture rates and bisphosphonate consumption in Spain. An ecologic study","volume":"69","author":"Arias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2154-z","article-title":"Incidence of hip fractures in Greece during a 30-year period: 1977\u20132007","volume":"24","author":"Lyritis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900476","article-title":"Hip fracture epidemiology in Greece during 1977-1992","volume":"62","author":"Paspati","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623349","article-title":"The variable incidence of hip fracture in southern Europe: the MEDOS Study","volume":"4","author":"Elffors","year":"1994","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1655-5","article-title":"Incidence of hip fracture and prevalence of osteoporosis in Turkey: the FRACTURK study","volume":"23","author":"Tuzun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1622.2000.01768.x","article-title":"Hip fracture rates in South Australia: into the next century","volume":"70","author":"Chipchase","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06124.x","article-title":"Incidence of hip fracture in New South Wales: are our efforts having an effect","volume":"180","author":"Boufous","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040109","article-title":"Incidence of hip and other osteoporotic fractures in elderly men and women: Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study","volume":"19","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-012-0095-y","article-title":"Declining incidence of osteoporotic hip fracture in Australia","volume":"7","author":"Crisp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1205-6","article-title":"Age, cohort and period effects on hip fracture incidence: analysis and predictions from New Zealand data 1974\u20132007","volume":"22","author":"Langley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1974-5","article-title":"Increasing incidence of hip fracture in Tottori Prefecture, Japan: trend from 1986 to 2001","volume":"16","author":"Hagino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0685-0","article-title":"Recent trends in the incidence and lifetime risk of hip fracture in Tottori, Japan","volume":"20","author":"Hagino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170121","article-title":"Hip fracture incidence rates in Singapore 1991\u20131998","volume":"12","author":"Koh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0061","first-page":"55","article-title":"Fracture epidemiology in a mixed southeastern Asian community (Singapore)","author":"Wong","year":"1966","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1138\/20090378","article-title":"The epidemiology of osteoporosis in Asia","volume":"6","author":"Lau","year":"2009","journal-title":"IBMS Bonekey"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-007-0835-z","article-title":"Incidence of hip fractures in Korea","volume":"26","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2011.26.8.1087","article-title":"Incidence and mortality following hip fracture in Korea","volume":"26","author":"Yoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0065","volume-title":"A survey on fractured proximal femur in Hong Kong. [MD thesis]","author":"Lau","year":"1989"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.52B4.667","article-title":"Geographical variations in senile osteoporosis","volume":"52","author":"Chalmers","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/21.3.249","article-title":"Hip fracture in Hong Kong over the last decade\u2014a comparison with the UK","volume":"21","author":"Lau","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Public Health Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-007-0014-9","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of osteoporotic hip fracture rates in Hong Kong","volume":"2","author":"Kung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs177","article-title":"Trends in hip fracture incidence and mortality in Chinese population from Hong Kong 2001\u201309","volume":"42","author":"Chau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9759-x","article-title":"A 12-year ecological study of hip fracture rates among older Taiwanese adults","volume":"93","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1468-y","article-title":"Hip fracture incidence in Lebanon: a national registry-based study with reference to standardized rates worldwide","volume":"22","author":"Sibai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-013-0168-x","article-title":"Temporal trends in the incidence of osteoporotic fractures","volume":"11","author":"Morin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1135-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of hip fracture in Tucuman","volume":"21","author":"Wittich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Argentina. Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623181","article-title":"Differences in fracture pattern between an urban and a rural population: a comparative population-based study in southern Sweden","volume":"2","author":"Jonsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200002","article-title":"Evaluation of the age-adjusted incidence of hip fractures between urban and rural areas: the difference is not related to the prevalence of institutions for the elderly","volume":"13","author":"Chevalley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0076","author":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0077","author":"U.S., Census Bureau","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.3.572","article-title":"Risk factors for hip fracture in Asian men and women: the Asian osteoporosis study","volume":"16","author":"Lau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2483-6","article-title":"Age-period-cohort effects in the incidence of hip fractures: political and economic events are coincident with changes in risk","volume":"25","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj282","article-title":"From menarche to menopause: trends among US women born from 1912 to 1969","volume":"164","author":"Nichols","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0081","author":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Report","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1623-0","article-title":"Changes in femur neck bone density in US adults between 1988\u20131994 and 2005\u20132008: demographic patterns and possible determinants","volume":"23","author":"Looker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0083","author":"U.S., Department of Health and Human Services"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110618","article-title":"Relationship between body composition and bone mass in women","volume":"11","author":"Khosla","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1863-y","article-title":"Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"De Laet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2099","article-title":"Temporal trends in obesity, osteoporosis treatment, bone mineral density and fracture rates: a population-based historical cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Leslie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2012.00002","article-title":"Season of birth and the risk of hip fracture in Danish men and women aged 65 +","volume":"3","author":"Abrahamsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1863","article-title":"Trends in hip fracture rates in Canada: an age-period-cohort analysis","volume":"28","author":"Jean","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1188-3","article-title":"Race\/ethnic differences in bone mineral densities in older men","volume":"21","author":"Nam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.2.253","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and risk of hip fracture in men and women","volume":"29","author":"H\u00f8idrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0091","author":"Ekholm"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073349","article-title":"Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States","volume":"24","author":"Briefel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-10-200205210-00008","article-title":"Fall and injury prevention in older people living in residential care facilities. A cluster randomized trial","volume":"136","author":"Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7636","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39412.525243.BE","article-title":"Multifactorial assessment and targeted intervention for preventing falls and injuries among older people in community and emergency care settings: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"336","author":"Gates","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.05.015","article-title":"Official Positions for FRAX(R) clinical regarding international differences from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX(R)","volume":"14","author":"Cauley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0096","author":"Westin"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009024","article-title":"Very low rates of hip fracture in Beijing, People's Republic of China the Beijing Osteoporosis Project","volume":"144","author":"Xu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1032-9","article-title":"Updated fracture incidence rates for the US version of FRAX","volume":"21","author":"Ettinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2024020318503166300_jbmr2218-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.01.014","article-title":"Impact of changes in mortality on FRAX-derived fracture probabilities","author":"Kreidieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjbmr.2218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/29\/8\/1745\/56565706\/jbmr2218.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/29\/8\/1745\/56565706\/jbmr2218.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T14:51:49Z","timestamp":1710341509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/29\/8\/1745-1755\/7598941"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.2218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]}}}