{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:49:23Z","timestamp":1791305363625,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]],"date-time":"2011-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Childhood obesity is an established risk factor for metabolic disease. The influence of obesity on bone development, however, remains controversial and may depend on the pattern of regional fat deposition. Therefore, we examined the associations of regional fat compartments of the calf and thigh with weight-bearing bone parameters in girls. Data from 444 girls aged 9 to 12 years from the Jump-In: Building Better Bones study were analyzed. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was used to assess bone parameters at metaphyseal and diaphyseal sites of the femur and tibia along with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT, mm2) and muscle density (mg\/cm3), an index of skeletal muscle fat content. As expected, SAT was positively correlated with total-body fat mass (r\u2009=\u20090.87\u20130.89, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), and muscle density was inversely correlated with total-body fat mass (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.24 to \u22120.28, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Multiple linear regression analyses with SAT, muscle density, muscle cross-sectional area, bone length, maturity, and ethnicity as independent variables showed significant associations between muscle density and indices of bone strength at metaphyseal (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.13\u20130.19, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) and diaphyseal (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.06\u20130.09, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.01) regions of the femur and tibia. Associations between SAT and indices of bone strength were nonsignificant at all skeletal sites (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.03\u20130.05, p\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.05), except the distal tibia (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.09, p\u2009=\u2009.03). In conclusion, skeletal muscle fat content of the calf and thigh is inversely associated with weight-bearing bone strength in young girls. \u00a9 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]],"date-time":"2011-05-04T18:05:27Z","timestamp":1304532327000},"page":"2217-2225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Skeletal muscle fat content is inversely associated with bone strength in young girls"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Joshua N","family":"Farr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet L","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R","family":"Lisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M","family":"Blew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinson R","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Laudermilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy G","family":"Lohman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B","family":"Going","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031049","article-title":"Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents","volume":"350","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1363","article-title":"Obesity in children and adolescents","volume":"93","author":"Cali","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.2.514","article-title":"Obesity during childhood and adolescence augments bone mass and bone dimensions","volume":"80","author":"Leonard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0332","article-title":"Adipose tissue stimulates bone growth in prepubertal children","volume":"91","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1907","article-title":"Fat mass exerts a greater effect on cortical bone mass in girls than boys","volume":"95","author":"Sayers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.12.003","article-title":"Proximal femur bone geometry is appropriately adapted to lean mass in overweight children and adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Petit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0794","article-title":"Fat mass is not beneficial to bone in adolescents and young adults","volume":"92","author":"Janicka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1530","article-title":"Is adiposity advantageous for bone strength? A peripheral quantitative computed tomography study in late adolescent females","volume":"86","author":"Pollock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28025","article-title":"Overweight children have a greater proportion of fat mass relative to muscle mass in the upper limbs than in the lower limbs: implications for bone strength at the distal forearm","volume":"90","author":"Ducher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.12.033","article-title":"Relationship of total body fat mass to weight-bearing bone volumetric density, geometry, and strength in young girls","volume":"46","author":"Farr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.10.2011","article-title":"More broken bones: a 4-year double cohort study of young girls with and without distal forearm fractures","volume":"15","author":"Goulding","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050820","article-title":"Bone and body composition of children and adolescents with repeated forearm fractures","volume":"20","author":"Goulding","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070813","article-title":"Correlation of obesity and osteoporosis: effect of fat mass on the determination of osteoporosis","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1022","article-title":"Assessment of skeletal muscle triglyceride content by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in lean and obese adolescents: relationships to insulin sensitivity, total body fat, and central adiposity","volume":"51","author":"Sinha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.6.983","article-title":"Skeletal muscle triglyceride levels are inversely related to insulin action","volume":"46","author":"Pan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90260-7","article-title":"Intramuscular triglyceride and muscle insulin sensitivity: evidence for a relationship in nondiabetic subjects","volume":"45","author":"Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.7.777","article-title":"Obesity, regional body fat distribution, and the metabolic syndrome in older men and women","volume":"165","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1475","article-title":"Visceral fat is a negative predictor of bone density measures in obese adolescent girls","volume":"95","author":"Russell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2422","article-title":"Reciprocal relations of subcutaneous and visceral fat to bone structure and strength","volume":"94","author":"Gilsanz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.12.002","article-title":"Pelvic body composition measurements by quantitative computed tomography: association with recent hip fracture","volume":"42","author":"Lang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090807","article-title":"Computed tomographic measurements of thigh muscle cross-sectional area and attenuation coefficient predict hip fracture: the health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"25","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.107","article-title":"Adipose tissue and volumetric bone mineral density of older Afro-Caribbean men","volume":"25","author":"Yerges-Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.184","article-title":"Lower bone mass in prepubertal overweight children with prediabetes","volume":"25","author":"Pollock","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.1.104","article-title":"Skeletal muscle attenuation determined by computed tomography is associated with skeletal muscle lipid content","volume":"89","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.3.509","article-title":"Skeletal muscle density: effects of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"54","author":"Kelley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra053077","article-title":"Bone quality\u2013the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility","volume":"354","author":"Seeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.218","article-title":"Lower trabecular volumetric BMD at metaphyseal regions of weight-bearing bones is associated with prior fracture in young girls","volume":"26","author":"Farr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1205","article-title":"Medical conditions affecting sports participation","volume":"107","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02088471","article-title":"Validation of a self-administered instrument to assess stage of adolescent development","volume":"9","author":"Morris","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460400001222","article-title":"Limitations to the use of secondary sex characteristics for gender comparisons","volume":"31","author":"Sherar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib31","first-page":"689","article-title":"An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements","volume":"34","author":"Mirwald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.10.1672","article-title":"A six-year longitudinal study of the relationship of physical activity to bone mineral accrual in growing children: The University of Saskatchewan Bone Mineral Accrual Study","volume":"14","author":"Bailey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0126","article-title":"Limitations of peripheral quantitative computed tomography metaphyseal bone density measurements","volume":"92","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib34","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/43\/10\/015","article-title":"Accuracy of cortical and trabecular bone measurements with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)","volume":"43","author":"Augat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib36","first-page":"401","article-title":"Strength indices from pQCT imaging predict up to 85% of variance in bone failure properties at tibial epiphysis and diaphysis","volume":"8","author":"Kontulainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1436-x","article-title":"Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy","volume":"14","author":"Going","year":"2003","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib38","first-page":"213","article-title":"Examining the developing bone: What do we measure and how do we do it?","volume":"5","author":"Petit","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib39","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDC growth charts: United States","volume":"8","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Data."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0492-z","article-title":"Relationships between fat and bone","volume":"19","author":"Reid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.11.027","article-title":"Bone, fat, and body composition: evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis","volume":"122","author":"Rosen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10583","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance","volume":"106","author":"Shulman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm106","article-title":"Systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture","volume":"166","author":"Janghorbani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.012809.104817","article-title":"The effect of exercise and nutrition on intramuscular fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity","volume":"30","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.06.002","article-title":"Insulin receptor signaling in osteoblasts regulates postnatal bone acquisition and body composition","volume":"142","author":"Fulzele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"2024020317582547100_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.10","article-title":"Muscle-associated triglyceride measured by computed tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Larson-Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjbmr.414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/26\/9\/2217\/56558011\/414_ftp.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article-pdf\/26\/9\/2217\/56558011\/414_ftp.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T15:05:34Z","timestamp":1710342334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jbmr\/article\/26\/9\/2217-2225\/7597963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.414","relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-0431","1523-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-0431","type":"print"},{"value":"1523-4681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]]}}}