{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:38:47Z","timestamp":1778168327138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,1]],"date-time":"1994-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":760060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"INSERM-MSD-Chibret"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Three monoclonal antibodies recognizing the 5\u201313, 25\u201337, and 43\u201349 sequence of the human osteocalcin were used in competitive and two-site radioimmunoassays (RIA) to characterize specifically various immunoreactive forms of circulating human osteocalcin. The intact molecule accounts for 36% of total in normals (2.6 nM), 46% in patients with osteoporosis (3.1 nM), and 26% in chronic renal failure (6.9 nM). Four fragment were detected in addition to the intact molecule in the serum of healthy adults and patients with metabolic bone disease. N-terminal, mid, and mid C-terminal fragments were present in minute amounts (each accounting for 5\u201314% of the total circulating osteocalcin immnoreactivity). In contrast, the N-terminal mid-fragment, probably resulting from the cleavage around amino acids 43\u201344, represents about 30% (2 nM) of the total osteocalcin immunoreactive level in normals and patients with osteoporosis and up to 50% (13 nM) in patients with chronic renal failure. This large N-terminal midfragment, representing 75\u201380% of the intact osteocalcin level, is not lower when the plasma assay is performed immediately after sampling (within 20 minutes at 4\u00b0C with proteinase inhibitors), indicating that it circulates in vivo. In addition, this fragment was detected in the supernatant of osteoblastic cells, representing about 28% of the intact peptide. Levels of N-terminal midfragment were not changed after treatment of patients with metabolic bone disease (Paget's disease, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, fibrous dysplasia, and osteoporosis) by bisphosphonate, suggesting that it is not released during bone resorption. The osteocalcin level measured with the two-site immunoradiometric assay specific for the intact molecule or with a conventional bovine RIA was rapidly decreased after incubation of serum at room temperature (-20 and \u221215%, respectively, after 3 h), whereas the total level of intact osteocalcin plus N-terminal midfragment was not changed. Intact osteocalcin loss can be partially avoided by proteinase inhibitors and by incubating serum at 4\u00b0C. In conclusion, we characterized multiple immunoreactive forms of osteocalcin that circulate in addition to the intact molecule, none of them being specifically altered in osteoporosis. The N-terminal midfragment circulates in a large amount, probably resulting from cleavage of the intact molecule in the circulation and\/or at peripheral sites. These fragments can also be generated in vitro by proteolytic degradation of the intact molecule. To obtain reliable intact osteocalcin values but also reliable levels measured with conventional competitive RIA, careful control of the sampling conditions is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,3]],"date-time":"2010-02-03T16:29:07Z","timestamp":1265214547000},"page":"255-264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Characterization of immunoreactive forms of human osteocalcin generated in vivo and in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Garnero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM Unit 234, H\u00f6pital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Grimaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cis biointernational, Bagnols\/C\u00e8ze, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Seguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cis biointernational, Bagnols\/C\u00e8ze, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre D.","family":"Dr. Delmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM Unit 234, H\u00f6pital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024013113130877400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.10.3925","article-title":"Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic in mineralized tissue","volume":"72","author":"Hauschka","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024013113130877400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.5.1447","article-title":"Characterization of a gamma-carboxyglutamic containing protein from bone","volume":"73","author":"Price","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024013113130877400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37956-5","article-title":"The vitamin K-dependent synthesis of \u03b3 carboxyglutamic acid by bone microsomes","volume":"253","author":"Lian","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024013113130877400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198006263022608","article-title":"Carboxylated calcium-binidng protein and vitamin K","volume":"302","author":"Gallop","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024013113130877400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650050904","article-title":"Osteocalcin secretion by the human osteosarcoma cell line","volume":"5","author":"Lajeunesse","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2024013113130877400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.4.2234","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay for the vitamin-K dependent protein of bone and its discovery in plasma","volume":"77","author":"Price","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024013113130877400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109954","article-title":"New biochemical marker for bone metabolism: Measurement by radioimmunoassay for gla protein in the plasma of normal subjects and patients with bone disease","volume":"66","author":"Price","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024013113130877400_bib8","first-page":"470","article-title":"Assessment of bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis of serum bone gla protein","volume":"102","author":"Delmas","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Mes"},{"key":"2024013113130877400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-6-1221","article-title":"Urinary \u03b3 carboxyglutamic acid serum osteocalcin as bone markers. 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