{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:04:23Z","timestamp":1781535863481,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,18]],"date-time":"2002-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1024358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":168,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biochem &amp; Molecular Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The widespread opinion that N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> as a product of NO oxidation is the only nitros(yl)ating agent under aerobic conditions is based on experiments in homogeneous buffered water solutions. In vivo NO is oxidized in heterogeneous media and this opinion is not correct. The equilibrium in the system being dependent on temperature and \u0394<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(sol)<\/jats:sub> for NO, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, isomers of both N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>. For polar solvents including water, \u0394<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(sol)<\/jats:sub> for N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> is high enough, and a stationary concentration of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> in the mixture with other oxides is sufficient to guarantee the hydrolysis of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> to nitrite. In heterogeneous media, the mixture contains solvates NO<jats:sub>2(sol)<\/jats:sub>, N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3(sol)<\/jats:sub>, and N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4(sol)<\/jats:sub> at stationary <jats:italic>nonequilibrium<\/jats:italic> concentrations. As far as \u0394<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(sol)<\/jats:sub> is decreased in heterogeneous mixtures with low polar solvents and\/or at increased temperatures, the equilibrium in such a system shifts to NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Although NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is a reactive free radical, it almost does not react with water. In contrast, the reaction with most functional protein groups efficiently proceeds by a radical type with the formation of nitrite and new radicals (X) further stabilized in various forms. Therefore, the ratio of the nitrosylated and nitrated products yields depends on actual concentrations of all NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>. \u00a9 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:109\u2013120, 2002. 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