{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T19:23:15Z","timestamp":1760296995472},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,29]],"date-time":"2003-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1059436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biochem &amp; Molecular Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>All scorpion toxins from different 30 species are simply reviewed. A new classification system of scorpion toxins is first proposed: scorpion toxins are classified into three families (long\u2010chain scorpion toxins with 4 disulfide bridges, short\u2010chain scorpion toxins with 3 disulfide bridges, and intermediate\u2010type scorpion toxins with 3 or 4 disulfide bridges). Intermediate\u2010type scorpion toxins provide a strong proof for the conclusion that channel toxins from scorpion venoms evolve from a common ancestor. Common organization of precursor nucleotides and genomic sequence, similar 3\u2010dimensional structure, and the existence of intermediate type scorpion toxins and functionally intercrossing scorpion toxins show that all scorpion toxins affecting ion channels evolve from the common ancestor, which produce millions of scorpion toxins with function\u2010diversity. \u00a9 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:235\u2013238, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). 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