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Administration of these antioxidants along with TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010NPs effectively reduced serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, glucose, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, interleukin\u20106, C\u2010reactive protein, immunoglobulin G, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nitric oxide, as well as a significant amelioration of the decrease in glutathione levels in renal tissue was observed, compared to those in rats treated with TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010NPs alone. The renoprotective properties of the antioxidants were confirmed by reduced intensity of renal damage as demonstrated by histological findings. In conclusion, Car and Mel play protective roles against TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010NPs\u2010induced renal inflammation and oxidative injury, likely due to their antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]],"date-time":"2018-02-22T13:56:44Z","timestamp":1519307804000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prophylactic administration of carnosine and melatonin abates the incidence of renal toxicity induced by an over dose of titanium dioxide nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Laila Mohamed","family":"Fadda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azza M.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science\u2010Al Faisaliah King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Therapeutic Chemistry Department National Research Center  Dokki Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6870-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanaa Mahmoud","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic and Cytology Department National Research Center  Dokki Egypt"},{"name":"Common First Year Deanship King Saud University  Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Hagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Unit (31), Medical College and King Khalid University Hospital King Saud University  Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manal","family":"Aldossari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master degree student at Pharmacology Department; Faculty of Pharmacy King Saud University  Riyadh KSA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8285-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.08.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103258p"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000106509"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.52.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2008.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02231-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"BR73","volume":"13","author":"Soliman K. 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