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Embryos were found to have developed edema in response to 16 to 48\u2009mM of TCA exposure at 32\u2010 to 80\u2010hpf, experienced delay in hatching success in response to 24 to 48\u2009mM at 80\u2010hpf. Lordosis was observed in developing embryos exposed to 40 to 48\u2009mM at 55\u2010 to 144\u2010hpf. The observed toxic effects of TCA exposure were found to be concentration and exposure period independent. Effects were found to be associated with increases in superoxide anion production, but these increases were also found to be concentration and time independent. TCA resulted in concentration\u2010dependent increases in embryonic lethality at 144\u2010hpf, with an LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> determined to be 29.7\u2009mM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T23:32:48Z","timestamp":1542324768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Developmental effects of trichloroacetate in Zebrafish embryos: Association with the production of superoxide anion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Issa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus Toledo Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4151-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezdihar A.","family":"Hassoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus Toledo Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick E.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus Toledo Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00109a006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420400506"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420460306"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00232-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/109158101753252992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810600745975"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199606)54:2<57::AID-TERA1>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20051"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20135"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2014.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_14_1","first-page":"32","volume":"29","author":"Oberemm A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lab Animals."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107236"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_17_1","unstructured":"K. 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