{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:16:17Z","timestamp":1787314577827,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31601206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31601206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31171436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31171436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biochem &amp; Molecular Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    \u03b3\u2010Aminobutyrate (GABA) is commonly used as a food supplement and a health care product by young females, due to its positive roles in relieving stress, alleviating anxiety, and improving sleep. However, its recommended daily dose in different products varies widely. Besides, it is unknown whether, and how, GABA consumption during early pregnancy influences pregnancy establishment. In this study, we found that when pregnant mice were treated with a high (12.5\u2009mg\/g) dose of GABA (orally) during preimplantation, there was a reduction in the number of implantation sites on day 5 of pregnancy. Also, among these unimplanted embryos, most exhibited morphological degeneration and developmental retardation, and only a few of them developed into blastocysts but could not implant into the uterus. Moreover, the expression of uterine receptivity\u2013related factors\u2014LIF, E\u2010cadherin, and HOXA10\u2014were all downregulated, while the number of uterine glands was reduced in the high GABA dose group. Finally, in vitro results demonstrated that GABA (ranging from 10 to 50\u2009\u03bcg\/\u03bcL) markedly inhibited preimplantation embryo development in a dose\u2010response manner. However, this inhibitory effect was not observed when the embryos were pretreated with 40\u2009\u03bc\u039c 2\u2010hydroxysaclofen, a GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    antagonist, indicating that GABA exerts its inhibitory effects via its B\u2010type receptor. Our results suggest that exposure to certain GABA concentrations, during early pregnancy, can impair preimplantation embryo development via its B\u2010type receptor, and endometrial receptivity, which greatly disturbs early embryo implantation in mice. These findings could raise concerns about GABA consumption during the early stages of pregnancy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T01:23:50Z","timestamp":1581470630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["GABA consumption during early pregnancy impairs endometrial receptivity and embryo development in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3564-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Pediatric Research Institute Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-15-0300"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00262-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00002.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(02)13011-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(11)70577-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000341944"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6285"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb22279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00281"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90290-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1937-6448(08)02002-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22137"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"569","volume":"21","author":"Macdonald R. 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