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The study included seven groups of Wistar albino rats (n\u2009=\u20096 per group): normal control, experimental control (CsA alone, 25\u2009mg\/kg), CsA\u2009+\u2009metformin (50 and 500\u2009mg\/kg), CsA\u2009+\u2009silymarin (50 and 200\u2009mg\/kg) and CsA\u2009+\u2009vitamin E (100\u2009mg\/kg). All the drugs were given daily for a period of 21 days by oral gavage and their effect was evaluated on serum levels of organ function markers (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, bilirubin, urea\/blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), markers of oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, glutathione, superoxide dismutase), inflammation (nitrite, myeloperoxidase, tumour necrosis factor\u2010alpha, prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling positivity) in addition to tissue histology, cyclooxygenase (COX)\u20102 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoreactivity. Administration of metformin and silymarin along with CsA ameliorated functional damage to liver and kidneys in a dose\u2010dependent manner. Significant and comparable improvement in the tissue levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptotic markers was also observed following treatment with both the test drugs. Normalization of histology scores, as well as COX\u20102 and iNOS immunoreactivity scores, further strengthened these findings. The hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of metformin and silymarin were comparable and matched with that of reference drug, vitamin E. The findings of the present study suggest that both metformin and silymarin have a potential for clinical use in patients receiving long\u2010term CsA treatment to maintain their liver and kidney functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T19:38:21Z","timestamp":1599248301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Metformin and silymarin afford protection in cyclosporine A induced hepatorenal toxicity in rat by modulating redox status and inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sneha","family":"Vangaveti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology All India Institute of Medical Sciences  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasenjit","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology All India Institute of Medical Sciences  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8051-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay L.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology All India Institute of Medical Sciences  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"GODT\u2010ONT WHO.Global observatory on donation and transplantation2017.http:\/\/www.transplant-observatory.org\/data-charts-and-tables\/. 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