{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:01:07Z","timestamp":1788264067482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biochem &amp; Molecular Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Despite all the new treatments, metastatic breast cancer (BC) causes many deaths. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a polyphenol compound with various pharmacological traits, such as anticancer properties. Targeting apoptotic death pathways has been propounded as the most effective therapeutic method in various cancers. In the current study, apoptotic agents such as p53, Bax, Bcl\u20102, and caspase\u20103 have been investigated. The experimental groups included saline, BC, CGA, protective (PR), and treatment (TM) groups. First, 4T1 mouse BC was established and then the effects of treatment with CGA were investigated through measurement of tumor weight and volume, metastatic nodules, liver biochemical tests, hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E), immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, and real\u2010time reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR) in experimental groups. The findings showed that CGA reduced tumor weight and volume in the PR group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05) and in the TM group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Surprisingly, it eliminated the tumors in the TM group. Metastatic nodules in the PR and TM groups were significantly reduced as compared with the BC group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). The evaluation by H&amp;E staining showed cell apoptosis in both the PR and TM groups. The results of real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR showed that CGA therapy increased the expression ratio of Bax\/Bcl\u20102 (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05, respectively) and the expression of p53 (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05, respectively) and caspase\u20103 genes (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.01) in the PR and TM groups. The IHC data regarding the Bax\/Bcl\u20102 ratio confirmed the other results (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). The findings demonstrate that CGA plays a significant role in the induction of apoptosis and the treatment of 4T1 BC tumors in BALB\/c mice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T15:36:16Z","timestamp":1602776176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Chlorogenic acid induces 4T1 breast cancer tumor's apoptosis via p53, Bax, Bcl\u20102, and caspase\u20103 signaling pathways in BALB\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Changizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1153-1475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azam","family":"Moslehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Haeri","family":"Rohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akram","family":"Eidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4074-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0224-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6380643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2017-0322"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-018-2720-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijcm.9865"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","author":"Changizi Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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