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The cluster of long\u2010term symptoms is unique to military personnel from coalition countries including United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom that served in Operation Desert Storm from 1990 to 1991. Reporting of these symptoms is much lower among soldiers deployed in other parts of the world like Bosnia during the same time period. The exact cause of GWI is unknown, but combined exposure to <jats:italic>N,N<\/jats:italic>\u2010diethyl\u2010m\u2010toluamide (DEET), organophosphates like chlorpyrifos (CPF), and pyridostigmine bromide (PB), has been hypothesized as a potential mechanism. Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to occur in most neurodegenerative diseases that share symptoms with GWI and has therefore been implicated in GWI. Although\u00a0exposure to these and other toxicants continues to be investigated as potential causes of GWI, their combined impact on mitochondrial physiology remains unknown. In this study, the effects of combined GWI toxicant exposure on mitochondrial function were determined in a commonly used and readily available immortalized cell line (N2a), whose higher rate of oxygen consumption resembles that of highly metabolic neurons in vivo. We report that combined exposure containing pesticide CPF 71\u2009\u03bcM, insect repellants DEET 78\u2009\u03bcM, and antitoxins PB 19\u2009\u03bcM, causes profound mitochondrial dysfunction after a 4\u2010h incubation resulting in decreased mitochondrial respiratory states in the absence of proapoptotic signaling, proton leak, or significant increase in reactive oxygen species production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T06:50:06Z","timestamp":1631775006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pyridostigmine bromide, chlorpyrifos, and DEET combined Gulf War exposure insult depresses mitochondrial function in neuroblastoma cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6248-7318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedad","family":"Delic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, VA New Jersey Health Care System Research &amp; 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