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Therefore, we hypothesized that mitochondrial protective agents and antioxidants can reduce cytarabine\u2010induced neurotoxicity. For this purpose, 48\u00a0male Wistar rats were assigned into eight\u00a0equal groups include control group, Ara\u2010C (70\u2009mg\/kg, i.p.) group, Ara\u2010C plus betanin (25\u2009mg\/kg, i.p.) group, Ara\u2010C plus vitamin D (500\u2009U\/kg, i.p.) group, Ara\u2010C plus thymoquinone (0.5\u2009mg\/kg, i.p.) group, betanin group, vitamin group, and thymoquinone group. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the concentrations of antioxidants (reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) biomarkers, mitochondrial toxicity parameters as well as histopathological alteration in brain tissues were measured. Our results demonstrated that Ara\u2010C exposure significantly declines the brain enzymes activity (AChE and BChE), levels of antioxidant biomarkers (GSH),\u00a0and mitochondrial functions, but markedly elevate the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA) and mitochondrial toxicity. Almost all of the previously mentioned parameters (especially mitochondrial toxicity) were retrieved by betanin, vitamin D, and thymoquinone compared to Ara\u2010C group. These findings conclusively indicate that betanin, vitamin D, and thymoquinone administration provide adequate protection against Ara\u2010C\u2010induced neurotoxicity through modulations of oxidative, antioxidant activities, and mitochondrial protective (mitoprotective) effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T12:51:13Z","timestamp":1669294273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring the possible mitoprotective and neuroprotective potency of thymoquinone, betanin, and vitamin D against cytarabine\u2010induced mitochondrial impairment and neurotoxicity in rats' brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3026-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Salimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran"},{"name":"Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirreza","family":"Nikjou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahshid","family":"Choupani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran"},{"name":"Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohana","family":"Biniyaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13050966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S254334"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9120773"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2014.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-018-2485-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.70902"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2008.4089","volume":"4","author":"Pham\u2010Huy L. 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