{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:20:59Z","timestamp":1790792459274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biochem &amp; Molecular Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mucositis is among the most common side effects of 5\u2010Fluorouracil (5\u2010FU) and other cancer therapeutic drugs. Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive constituent extracted from <jats:italic>Nigella sativa<\/jats:italic>, has antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory properties and can modify acute gastrointestinal injury. To investigate the effects of TQ on mucositis induced by 5\u2010FU, studied animals were divided into four groups: control, 5\u2010FU unit dose (300\u2009mg\/kg) to cause oral and intestinal mucositis (OM and IM), TQ (2.5\u2009mg\/kg) and TQ (2.5\u2009mg\/kg) plus 5\u2010FU. Due to The molecular mechanisms, it was confirmed that the expression of NF\u2010\u03ba\u03b2 and HIF\u20101 increases in OM. The serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as pathological parameters, were assessed. Based on our results, the nuclear factor\u2010kappa \u03b2 gene expression in the tongue was downregulated significantly in the 5\u2010FU\u2009+\u2009TQ compared to the 5\u2010FU. TQ treatment can diminish MDA, and a reduction in oxidative stress was shown. TQ could also reduce the severity of tissue destruction and damaging effects induced by 5\u2010FU on the tongue and intestine. We also observed lower villus length and width in the intestine of the 5\u2010FU group compared to the control group. According to our research's pathological, biochemical, and molecular results, treatment with TQ as an anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant compound may be the potential to improve and treat 5\u2010FU\u2010induced OM and IM, and TQ could be used against cancer treatment drugs and exhibit fewer adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T12:05:13Z","timestamp":1687262713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Thymoquinone protects against 5\u2010Fluorouracil\u2010induced mucositis by NF\u2010\u03ba\u03b2 and HIF\u20101 mechanisms in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Madani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Health Research Center Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8068-5745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohrab","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Babol University of Medical Sciences  Babol Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Shirafkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandana","family":"Lotfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed M.","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol\u2010Branch Islamic Azad University  Babol Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Moghadamnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers2031717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03092-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-018-0008-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031808"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103965"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.03.026"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"927","volume":"20","author":"Hosseini S. 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