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Seventy male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were divided into seven groups and treated orally for 4 weeks as follows; the control group, the group treated twice a week with CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    (5\u2009mL\/kg b.w), the groups received CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    plus WPNPs (300\u2009mg\/kg b.w); the group received 50\u2009mg\/kg b.w of Zn CITR or the three formulas of Zn CITR\u2010WPNPs at low, medium and high doses (LD, MD, and HD). Blood and kidney samples were collected for different assays and histological analyses. The fabricated particles were semispherical, with an average size of 160\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7, 180\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1, and 200\u2009\u00b1\u20092.6\u2009nm and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b6<\/jats:italic>\n                    potential of \u2212126, \u221293, and \u221284\u2009mV for ZN CITR\u2010WPNPs (LD), Zn CITR\u2010WPNPs (MD), and ZN CITR\u2010WPNPs (HD), respectively. CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    significantly increased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) kidney function indices, oxidative stress markers, messenger RNA expression of transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b21, interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, IL\u201010, IL\u20106, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 and significantly decreased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) renal superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase along with the histological changes in the kidney tissues. WPNPs, Zn CITR, and Zn CITR loaded WPNPS showed a protective effect against these complications and Zn CITR\u2010WPNPs (LD) was more effective. WPNPs can be used effectively for coating Zn CITR at a level of 7\u2009mg\/g WPNPs to be used as a supplement for the protection of the kidney against different toxicants to enhance immunity and avoid harm of excess Zn.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T04:29:58Z","timestamp":1691987398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Zinc citrate\u2010coated whey protein nanoparticles alleviate kidney damage and the disturbances in inflammatory gene expression in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Aziza A.","family":"El\u2010Nekeety","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department National Research Center  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Evaluation and Food Science Department National Organization for Drug Control and Research  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sekena H.","family":"Abdel\u2010Aziem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Department National Research Center  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabila S.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department National Research Center  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7174-3341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mosaad A.","family":"Abdel\u2010Wahhab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department National Research Center  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Kidney Health Australia National Strategic Action Plan for Kidney Disease. 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