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We assessed multiple parameters that reflected developmental abnormalities, behavioral alterations, morphological anomalies, antioxidant enzyme activities, including those of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione S\u2010transferase (GST), immune messenger RNA transcription levels of key factors such as tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2), interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX\u20102), as well as protein expression of TNF\u2010\u03b1. The results revealed that embryos exposed to higher concentrations of mercury exhibited reduced hatchability and increased rates of morphological abnormalities and mortality at 48, 72, and 96\u2009hpf. In addition, a concentration\u2010dependent increase in developmental abnormalities, including cardiac edema, reduced body length, yolk sac edema, scoliosis, and bent tails, was observed. Larval behaviors, such as touch\u2010induced escape responses, startle reactions, and turning actions, were found to be diminished in a concentration\u2010dependent manner. Additionally, the activities of various antioxidative enzymes, such as SOD, CAT, and GST, exhibited an increase at higher mercury concentrations, with the exception of GPX activity, which decreased significantly in a dose\u2010dependent manner (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine transcription levels, specifically TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, and COX\u20102, were significantly upregulated in a dose\u2010dependent manner in the mercuric (II) chloride (HgCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) treatment group compared with the control group. TNF\u2010\u03b1 protein expression was notably elevated in the larvae group treated with 300 and 400\u2009nM HgCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T17:59:44Z","timestamp":1700589584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of mercury chloride on antioxidant and inflammatory cytokines in zebrafish embryos"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Modi K. P.","family":"Bhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries Biotechnology, Institute of Fisheries Postgraduate Studies Tamil Nadu Dr. J. 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