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If left untreated, fibrosis might progress to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Thymoquinone (TQ), an active compound of <jats:italic>Nigella sativa<\/jats:italic>, has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory and anticancer activities. Therefore, the effect of TQ against thioacetamide (TAA)\u2010induced liver fibrosis was assessed in rats. Fibrosis was induced with intraperitoneal administration of TAA (250\u2009mg\/kg b.w.) twice a week for 5 weeks. TQ (20\u2009mg\/kg b.w.) and silymarin (50\u2009mg\/kg b.w.) were orally administered daily for 5 weeks separately in TAA administered groups. Liver dysfunction was reported by elevated liver enzymes, increased oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis upon TAA administration. Our study demonstrated that TQ inhibited the elevation of liver marker enzymes in serum. TQ administration significantly increased antioxidant markers, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the liver tissue of rats. Further, TQ significantly attenuated liver fibrosis, as illustrated by the downregulation of TAA\u2010induced interleukin\u2010\u03b2, tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, inducible nitric oxide synthase and fibrosis markers like transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 (TGF\u2010\u03b2), \u03b1\u2010smooth muscle actin, collagen\u20101, Smad3 and 7. Therefore, these findings suggest that TQ has a promising hepatoprotective property, as indicated by its potential to effectively suppress TAA\u2010induced liver fibrosis in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via TGF\u2010\u03b2\/Smad signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T05:49:15Z","timestamp":1710913755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Thymoquinone protects thioacetamide\u2010induced chronic liver injury by inhibiting TGF\u2010\u03b21\/Smad3 axis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Subramanian","family":"Raghunandhakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Hepatology &amp; Molecular Medicine Lab, Saveetha Dental College Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai 600 077 Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-2383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devaraj","family":"Ezhilarasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Hepatology &amp; Molecular Medicine Lab, Saveetha Dental College Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai 600 077 Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Shree Harini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Hepatology &amp; Molecular Medicine Lab, Saveetha Dental College Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai 600 077 Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9233650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2018.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30582"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00240-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2020-0016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3839"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2022.2047198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00320-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.30162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09782-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11313-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22888"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X19500307"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"823","volume":"65","author":"Galaly S. 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