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PM exposure has been increasingly associated with adverse neurological effects, including both neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. This review examines the pathways through which PM affects the central nervous system (CNS), including inhalation, systemic circulation, and direct olfactory translocation, leading to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and disruption of the blood\u2010brain barrier (BBB). Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a strong correlation between PM exposure and cognitive impairments, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Investigating the PM\u2010neurodegenerative disease relationship is a pressing public health priority, offering opportunities to protect vulnerable populations from the effects of neurodegenerative diseases. The potential of PM for long\u2010term accumulation and neurotoxicity is further demonstrated by its toxicokinetics, which include its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Understanding these pathways is essential for developing solutions to reduce PM\u2010induced neurological hazards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T10:46:46Z","timestamp":1749725206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neurotoxic Effects of Airborne Particulate Matter: Mechanisms and Health Implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Prakash","family":"Thangavel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong\u2010gu Seongnam\u2010si 13120 Gyeonggi\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duckshin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI) 176 Cheoldobakmulkwan\u2010ro Uiwang\u2010si 16105 Gyeonggi\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4702-0282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young\u2010Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong\u2010gu Seongnam\u2010si 13120 Gyeonggi\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.575330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2020.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206934"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14265-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071457"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101251"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2017.05.0167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Advances in Neurotoxicology","author":"Costa L. 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