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Fifty\u2010six animals were randomly divided into eight groups. The control group received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.1\u2009mL physiological saline, whereas the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group was given 0.1\u2009mL of 1% DMSO orally. The CYC group was administered with 30\u2009mg\/kg CYC (i.p.) dissolved in physiological saline, while the SP group received 20\u2009mg\/kg SP orally dissolved in DMSO. The SP\u2009+\u2009CYC combination groups received SP orally at doses of 5, 10, or 20\u2009mg\/kg together with 30\u2009mg\/kg CYC (i.p.). Additionally, the silymarin (SLY)\u2009+\u2009CYC group received 50\u2009mg\/kg SLY orally and 30\u2009mg\/kg CYC (i.p.). The experimental protocol lasted for 10 days. SP treatment alleviated the CYC\u2010induced elevations in plasma AST, ALT, BUN, and creatinine levels. It further suppressed lipid peroxidation by lowering MDA levels and enhanced antioxidant defense by increasing GSH levels and SOD and CAT activities in the liver and kidney. Additionally, SP increased the mRNA expression levels of HO\u20101, Nrf2, and Bcl\u20102 while suppressing the elevated expression of NF\u03baB, TNF\u2010\u03b1, Bax, and Caspase\u20103. Furthermore, SP normalized the altered protein expression levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1, Caspase\u20103, and Bax induced by CYC. Histopathological analysis revealed that SP also ameliorated CYC\u2010induced liver and kidney tissue damage. In conclusion, SP markedly attenuated CYC\u2010induced hepatorenal toxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. These results suggest that SP may represent a promising candidate for preventing liver and kidney injury associated with chemotherapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T09:19:21Z","timestamp":1762766361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spinosin Alleviates Cyclophosphamide\u2010Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Liver and Kidney Injury in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Hasan Huseyin","family":"Demirel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayat Vocational School Afyon Kocatepe University Afyonkarahisar 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