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Rat BMSCs were treated with irisin in vitro, and osteogenic markers were analysed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In vivo, irisin\u2010loaded composite scaffolds or blank scaffolds were implanted into rat femoral defects (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096 per group). Bone repair was assessed by micro\u2010computed tomography, haematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry after 8 weeks. Irisin treatment significantly enhanced calcium nodule formation, as evidenced by increased staining intensity, size and number in both Alizarin Red and von Kossa assays. At the molecular level,\n                    <jats:italic>Sost<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression was markedly downregulated, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>ALP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lrp5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>BMP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Smad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    were significantly upregulated at both mRNA levels (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In vivo, rats implanted with irisin\u2010composite scaffolds showed substantially improved bone repair, with higher bone volume fraction, bone mineral density and cortical bone volume compared with controls. Irisin promotes the osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs and accelerates bone regeneration in a critical\u2010sized femoral defect model, potentially through suppression of\n                    <jats:italic>Sost<\/jats:italic>\n                    and subsequent activation of the Wnt and BMP signalling pathways. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of irisin for bone tissue engineering applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T16:41:31Z","timestamp":1774802491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Irisin on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Mengting","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prosthetics and implantology the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5018-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiyu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.23.00388"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00355-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105773"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(02)00022-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-05314-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2016.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c15718"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB03150A"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S275650"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.934406"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040928"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.588958"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1212892"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200978"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155292"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.63505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-023-00169-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-024-00561-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14080907"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104061"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092402"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116587"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15084"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-023-02319-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3394"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","first-page":"382","article-title":"[Research Progress on Bone Defect Repair Materials]","volume":"34","author":"Cao G. 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