{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T20:28:49Z","timestamp":1786566529272,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biochem &amp;amp; Molecular Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Use of non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs may be associated with peptic ulcers. Asiatic acid, the active ingredient of\n                    <jats:italic>Centella asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is well\u2010known for its antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory, and wound\u2010healing effects. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the potential gastroprotective effects of asiatic acid dissolved in orange oil against indomethacin\u2010induced peptic ulcer in rats. Rats were assigned to six groups as follows: Group 1: orally received the vehicle of asiatic acid (0.5% CMC\u2010Na) followed by the vehicle of indomethacin (0.5% DMSO, i.p.); Group 2: gavaged with CMC\u2010Na followed by indomethacin (25\u2009mg\/kg, i.p.); Group 3: given orange oil (10\u2009mg\/kg) before indomethacin; Group 4: received oral asiatic acid (10\u2009mg\/kg) prior to indomethacin; Group 5: received oral asiatic acid (10\u2009mg\/kg) in orange oil (10\u2009mg\/kg) prior to indomethacin. Group 6: administered oral omeprazole (30\u2009mg\/kg) prior to indomethacin. Indomethacin induced reduced secretion of mucin, decreased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and cyclooxygenase 1 (COX\u20101), heightened oxidative stress, and elevated levels of the proinflammatory mediators. Pretreatment with asiatic acid in orange oil almost restored the normal macroscopic and microscopic features, increased mucin secretion, increased COX\u20101 and PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels, and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Also, asiatic acid in orange oil significantly restored the levels of transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGF\u2010\u03b21) in the gastric tissue of rats. Asiatic acid in orange oil shows significant protective effects against indomethacin\u2010induced gastric ulcers in rats. It improves both macroscopic and microscopic gastric mucosal features while restoring TGF\u2010\u03b21 levels, promoting tissue repair and healing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T07:16:13Z","timestamp":1774336573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Asiatic Acid Ameliorates Indomethacin\u2010Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats Through Enhancement of TGF\u2010\u03b21"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9028-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmohsin J.","family":"Alamoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya A.","family":"Negm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Alturkistani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan Salem","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Care Department King Salman bin Abdulaziz Medical City Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf B.","family":"Abdel\u2010Naim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"Frequency of NSAID Induced Peptic Ulcer Disease","volume":"56","author":"Hamid S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0393"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.Fornai L.Antonioli R.Colucci et al. 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