{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:21:31Z","timestamp":1790266891658,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Biochem &amp;amp; Molecular Tox"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin that grows on various fruits and grains, and its toxicity research mainly focuses on organ toxicity. However, the research on its impact on nutritional metabolism is still unclear. Vitamin D is an important nutrient and has been reported to have multiple physiological functions. Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to be associated with the risk of developing diseases such as fatal cancers, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, neurocognitive function impairment, and type 2 diabetes. However, vitamin D need to be converted into biologically active forms through two steps of hydroxylation in the liver or kidney by 25\u2010hydroxylase (CYP2R1) and 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D 1\u2010alpha\u2010hydroxylase (CYP27B1). In this study, we found that PAT can cause liver and kidney injury, and affect the levels of activated vitamin D products 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    D. Specifically, we demonstrated that PAT affects the hydroxylation of vitamin D by downregulating 25\u2010hydroxylase (CYP2R1) and 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D 1\u2010alpha\u2010hydroxylase (CYP27B1) expression and interfering their substrate binding sites. This study can provide a basis for a more comprehensive assessment of the impact of environmental pollution, food safety, and other issues on human health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T18:30:53Z","timestamp":1778005853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Patulin Affects the Hydroxylation of Vitamin D by Downregulating 25\u2010hydroxylase (CYP2R1) and 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D 1\u2010alpha\u2010hydroxylase (CYP27B1) Expression and Interfering Their Substrate Binding Sites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7656-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shangyun","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi China"},{"name":"Key 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