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Complications of citrate are primarily due to physiologic effects of hypocalcemia. Symptoms of hypocalcemia and other citrate\u2010induced metabolic abnormalities affect neuromuscular and cardiac function and range in severity from mild dysesthesias (most common) to tetany, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. Oral or intravenous calcium supplementation is advised for decreased ionized calcium levels and\/or symptomatic management of hypocalcemia. Heparin\u2010based anticoagulation is limited to certain apheresis procedures (membrane\u2010based plasma exchange, LDL apheresis, or photopheresis) or is used in combination with citrate to reduce citrate load. While effective, heparin anticoagulation is associated with an increased frequency of bleeding complications and heparin\u2010induced thrombocytopenia. J. Clin. Apheresis 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,24]],"date-time":"2012-04-24T18:54:30Z","timestamp":1335293670000},"page":"117-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Anticoagulation techniques in apheresis: From heparin to citrate and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gowthami M.","family":"Arepally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2000.01827.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1978.01370190104021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1101(1996)11:3<160::AID-JCA7>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)75415-X","article-title":"The ionization of calcium, magnesium, and strontium citrates","volume":"107","author":"Hastings AB MF","year":"1934","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90162-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5095.523"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.1998.7410007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000084871.76568.E6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00205.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.1022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.2920010306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Apheresis: Principles and Practice","author":"Crookston KP","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1978.18679077948.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1101(1996)11:4<204::AID-JCA5>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.2920020109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-3886(89)90008-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1997.371098016446.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","first-page":"143","article-title":"Adverse reactions during voluntary donation of blood and\/or blood components. 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