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However, it may be possible to use tumor epitopes as sentinels to engage adaptive and innate immunological mechanisms and create a tumor destructive environment effective also against variant cells that have lost a given antigen or their ability to present it. We hypothesize that therapeutic tumor vaccines, in combination with the targeting, to tumors, of costimulatory molecules such as anti\u2010CD137scFv, or lymphokines such as GMCSF, will expand anti\u2010tumor responses for therapeutic benefit when used as an adjunct to surgery and chemotherapy. J. Cell. 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