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In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that HHcy activates matrix metalloproteinase\u20109 (MMP\u20109), which in turn enhances permeability of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cell (HIMEC) layer by decreasing expression of endothelial junction proteins and increasing caveolae formation. HIMECs were grown in Transwells and treated with 500\u2009\u00b5M Hcy in the presence or absence of MMP\u20109 activity inhibitor. Hcy\u2010induced permeability to FITC\u2010conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITC\u2010BSA) was assessed by measuring fluorescence intensity of solutes in the Transwells' lower chambers. The cell\u2013cell interaction and cell barrier function was estimated by measuring trans\u2010endothelial electrical impedance. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to study cell junction protein expressions. Hcy\u2010induced changes in transcellular transport of HIMECs were estimated by observing formation of functional caveolae defined as caveolae labeled by cholera toxin and antibody against caveolin\u20101 and one that have taken up FITC\u2010BSA. Hcy instigated HIMEC monolayer permeability through activation of MMP\u20109. The increased paracellular permeability was associated with degradation of vascular endothelial cadherin and zona occludin\u20101 and transcellular permeability through increased caveolae formation in HIMECs. Elevation of Hcy content increases permeability of HIMEC layer affecting both paracellular and transcellular transport pathways, and this increased permeability was alleviated by inhibition of MMP\u20109 activity. These findings contribute to clarification of mechanisms of IBD development. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1159\u20131169, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.23451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,23]],"date-time":"2011-11-23T06:06:06Z","timestamp":1322028366000},"page":"1159-1169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Matrix metalloproteinase\u20109 in homocysteine\u2010induced intestinal microvascular endothelial paracellular and transcellular permeability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Charu","family":"Munjal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neetu","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lominadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh 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