{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T19:43:39Z","timestamp":1775763819078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,19]],"date-time":"2004-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1077148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3976,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Cellular Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The circadian rhythm of melatonin production (high melatonin levels at night and low during the day) in the mammalian pineal gland is modified by visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., light, and reportedly by extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields as well as by static magnetic field exposure. Both light and non\u2010visible electromagnetic field exposure at night depress the conversion of serotonin (5HT) to melatonin within the pineal gland. Several reports over the last decade showed that the chronic exposure of rats to a 60 Hz electric field, over a range of field strengths, severely attenuated the nighttime rise in pineal melatonin production; however, more recent studies have not confirmed this initial observation. Sinusoidal magnetic field exposure also has been shown to interfere with the nocturnal melatonin forming ability of the pineal gland although the number of studies using these field exposures is small. On the other hand, static magnetic fields have been repeatedly shown to perturb the circadian melatonin rhythm. The field strengths in these studies were almost always in the geomagnetic range (0.2 to 0.7 Gauss or 20 to 70 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>tesla) and most often the experimental animals were subjected either to a partial rotation or to a total inversion of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field. These experiments showed that several parameters in the indole cascade in the pineal gland are modified by these field exposures; thus, pineal cyclic AMP levels, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetyltransferase (NAT) activity (the rate limiting enzyme in pineal melatonin production), hydroxyindole\u2010<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity (the melatonin forming enzyme), and pineal and blood melatonin concentrations were depressed in various studies. Likewise, increases in pineal levels of 5HT and 5\u2010hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) were also seen in these glands; these increases are consistent with a depressed melatonin synthesis. The mechanisms whereby non\u2010visible electromagnetic fields influence the melatonin forming ability of the pineal gland remain unknown; however, the retinas in particular have been theorized to serve as magnetoreceptors with the altered melatonin cycle being a consequence of a disturbance in the neural biological clock, i.e., the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which generates the circadian melatonin rhythm. The disturbances in pineal melatonin production induced by either light exposure or non\u2010visible electromagnetic field exposure at night appear to be the same but whether the underlying mechanisms are similar remains unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.2400510403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,25]],"date-time":"2014-06-25T11:06:59Z","timestamp":1403694419000},"page":"394-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure: Reported effects on the circadian production of melatonin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Russel J.","family":"Reiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.43.1039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"\u201cExtremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: The Question of Cancer.\u201d","author":"Adey WR","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90146-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01954256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"131","volume-title":"\u201cAdvances in Pineal Research, Vol. 6.\u201d","author":"Dubocovich ML","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"169","volume-title":"\u201cHandbook of Biological Effects of Static Magnetic Fields.\u201d","author":"Frankel RB","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.46.030184.003101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"GrotaLJ LuTT ReiterRJ PetitS BorkhuisC KengP MichaelsonS(1991):Melatonin secretion by rats exposed to electric fields. Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the Bioelectromagnetics Society p106."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.6.1544542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KatoM HonmaK\u2010I ShigemitsuT ShigaY(1992):Effects of circularly polarized sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on plasma and pineal melatonin levels in rats. Bioelectromagnetics in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250140203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KirschvinkJL(1992):Comment on \u201cConstraints on biological effects of weak extremely\u2010low\u2010frequency electromagnetic fields.\u201dPhys Rev A46 in press.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.46.2178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.16.7683"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)91439-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1991.tb00826.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3798115"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(80)90365-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(90)90016-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90552-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91598-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"\u201cFundamentals and Clinics in Pineal Research.\u201d","author":"Olcese J","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90451-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1985.tb11812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90001-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"223","volume":"6","author":"Reiter RJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"News Physiol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(91)90087-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-12-2-151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"\u201cElectromagnetic Fields and Circadian Rhythmicity.\u201d","author":"Reiter RJ","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2300(92)90035-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.6.1544540","article-title":"Magnetic field effects on pineal indoleamine metabolism and possible biological consequences","volume":"6","author":"Reiter RJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb27234.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90371-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(86)90670-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RichardsonBA YagaK ReiterRJ MortonDJ(1992):Pulsed static magnetic field effects onin vitropineal indoleamine metabolism. Biochem Biophys Acta in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(92)90100-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(75)90065-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91307-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"SasserLB MorrisJE BuschbomRL MillerDL AndersonLE(1991):Effect of 60 Hz electric fields on pineal melatonin during various times of the dark period. Proceeding of the 1991 Contractors Review of Electric and Magnetic Field Research US Department of Energy A\u201324."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(83)90129-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"\u201cElectromagnetic Fields and Neurobehavioral Function.\u201d","author":"Semm P","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(88)90350-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250020408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250040309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250070213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90018-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"YagaK ReiterRJ ManchesterLC NievesH SunJH ChenLD(1992):Pineal sensitivity to pulsed static magnetic fields changes during the photoperiod. Brain Res Bull in press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"YellonSM(1991):An acute 60 Hz magnetic field exposure suppresses the nighttime melatonin rise in the pineal and circulation of the adult Djungarian hamster. Proceedings of the 1991 Contractors Review of Electric and Magnetic Field Research US Department of Energy A\u201025."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjcb.2400510403","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcb.2400510403","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T09:48:10Z","timestamp":1698227290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcb.2400510403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcb.2400510403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.2400510403","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-2312","1097-4644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-2312","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]}}}