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Experiments with an adenocarcinoma\u2010derived cell line (HeLa) reveal that activation of the transfected human IL\u20106 promoter occurs largely through two partially overlapping second messenger (cAMP, phorbol ester)\u2010 and cytokine (IL\u20101, TNF, serum)\u2010responsive enhancer elements (MRE I, \u2212173 to \u2212151 and MRE II, \u2212158 to \u2212145). MRE I contains the typical GACGTCA cAMP and phorbol ester\u2010responsive (CRE\/TRE) motif, whereas MRE II defines a new CRE\/TRE motif that contains an imperfect dyad repeat. The mechanism of dexamethasone\u2010mediated repression of IL\u20106 gene expression in epithelial cells involves occlusion of the entire MRE enhancer region and of the core\u2010promoter elements (TATA\u2010box and RNA start site) by ligand\u2010activated glucocorticoid receptor. Enhanced levels of IL\u20106 expression are observed in many solid tumors and in the hyperprolifer active (and glucocorticoid\u2010suppressible)lesions of psoriasis. In cell culture, IL\u20106 enhances, inhibits, or has no effect on the proliferation of epithelial cells depending upon the cell\u2010type examined IL\u20106 enhances proliferation of keratinocytes but inhibits that of breast carcinoma cell lines ZR\u201075\u20101 and T\u201047D. In these breast carcinoma cells, IL\u20106 elicits a major change in cell phenotype which is characterized by a fibroblastoid morphology, enhanced motility, increased cell\u2010cell separation, and decreased adherens type junctions (desmosomes and focal adhesions). The new data identify IL\u20106 as a regulator of epithelial cell growth and of cell\u2010cell association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240450404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,28]],"date-time":"2005-05-28T20:39:18Z","timestamp":1117312758000},"page":"327-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Expression and function of interleukin\u20106 in epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Krueger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Tamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pravinkumar 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