{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:07:51Z","timestamp":1760548071565},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,19]],"date-time":"2004-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1077148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3246,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Cellular Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chromium(VI) resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were established in this study by exposing parental CHO\u2010K1 cells to sequential increases in CrO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentration. The final concentration of CrO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> used for selection was 7 \u03bcM for Cr7 and 16 \u03bcM for Cr16 cells. Cr16\u20101 was a subclone derived from Cr16 cells. Next, these resistant cells were cultured in media without CrO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> for more than 6 months. The resistance of these cells to CrO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was determined by colony\u2010forming ability following a 24\u2010h treatment. The LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of CrO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> for chromium(VI) resistant cells was at least 25\u2010fold higher than that of the parental cells. The cellular growth rate, chromosome number, and the <jats:italic>hprt<\/jats:italic> mutation frequency of these chromium(VI) resistant cells were quite similar to their parental cells. The glutathione level, glutathione S\u2010transferase, catalase activity, and metallothionine mRNA level in Cr7 and Cr16\u20101 cells were not significantly different from their parental cells. Furthermore, Cr16\u20101 cells were as sensitive as CHO\u2010K1 cells to free\u2010radical generating agents, including hydrogen peroxide, nickel chloride, and methanesulfonate methyl ester, and emetine, i.e., a protein synthesis inhibitor. The uptake of chromium(VI) and the remaining amount of this metal in these resistant and the parental cell lines were assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Experimental results indicated that a vastly smaller amount of CrO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> entered the resistant cell lines than their parental cells did. A comparison was made of the sulfate uptake abilities of CHO\u2010K1 and chromium(VI) resistant cell lines. These results revealed that the uptake of sulfate anion was substantially reduced in Cr7 and Cr16\u20101 cells. Extracellular chloride reduced sulfate uptake in CHO\u2010K1 but not in Cr16\u20101 cells. Therefore, the major causative for chromium(VI) resistance in these resistant cells could possibly be due to the defects in SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2\u2010<\/jats:sup>\/C1<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> transport system for uptake chromium(VI).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240570410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,28]],"date-time":"2005-05-28T22:09:09Z","timestamp":1117318149000},"page":"655-665","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Long\u2010term exposure to chromium(VI) oxide leads to defects in sulfate transport system in chinese hamster ovary cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia\u2010Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.919253"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1704151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(91)90156-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(87)90044-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"7835","article-title":"Role of valence state and solubility of chromium compounds on induction of cytotoxicity, mutagenesis, and anchorage independence in diploid human fibroblasts","volume":"50","author":"Biedermann KA","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"2649","volume-title":"The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease","author":"Boat TF","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/12.4.551"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"6484","article-title":"Characterization of chromium effects on a rat liver epithelial cell line and their relevance to in vitro transformation","volume":"48","author":"Briggs JA","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01538797"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01549657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(92)90007-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(66)90286-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.919245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"3188","article-title":"Prominent role of DT\u2010diaphorase as a cellular mechanism reducing chromium(VI) and reverting its mutagenicity","volume":"45","author":"De Flora S","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(90)90007-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90398-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)37328-9","article-title":"Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants deficient in an anion exchanger functionally similar to the erythroid band 3","volume":"263","author":"Elgavish A","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1992.263.1.C176"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)66778-X","article-title":"Sulfate transport\u2010deficient mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells: sulfation of glycosaminoglycans dependent on cysteine","volume":"261","author":"Esko JD","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.2940020508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione S\u2010transferases","volume":"249","author":"Habig WH","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"IARC (1990): \u201cChromium Nickel and Wedding.\u201d Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans vol 19. Lyon: Internation Agency for Cancer Research."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00423a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240290102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(90)90120-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals","author":"Lang\u00e5rd S","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02624629"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.2940060409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/12.5.825"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.5.989","article-title":"The trace element chromium\u2010a role in glucose homeostasis","volume":"55","author":"Morris BW","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(90)90114-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/7.9.1527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"2142","article-title":"Comparison of the localization of chromosome damage induced by calcium chromate and nickel compounds","volume":"47","author":"Sen P","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(90)90417-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00111a007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/12.9.1733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"4547","article-title":"Comparison of DNA lesions and cytotoxicity induced by calcium chromate in human, mouse, and hamster cell lines","volume":"46","author":"Sugiyama M","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)67804-X","article-title":"Effect of ascorbic acid on DNA damage, cytotoxicity, glutathione reductase, and formation of paramagnetic chromium in Chinese hamster V\u201079 cells treated with sodium chromate(VI)","volume":"266","author":"Sugiyama M","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(93)90086-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"2455","article-title":"Effects of arsenic, selenium and chromium on the fidelity of DNA synthesis","volume":"40","author":"Tkeshelashvili LK","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820270212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3431139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02917282"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(84)90050-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/10.4.655"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/13.11.2053"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjcb.240570410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcb.240570410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T20:36:00Z","timestamp":1698266160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcb.240570410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcb.240570410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.240570410","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-2312","1097-4644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-2312","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}}}