{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:46:02Z","timestamp":1790138762218,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cellular Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>At present, male contraceptive methods are only vasectomy and condoms, so it is necessary to research on male contraceptive techniques. The aim of this study is to observe the effects of scrotal heating (SH) on semen parameters, seminal <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine (LC), epidermal growth factor (EGF), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), reproductive hormones and sperm chromosome numbers of adult healthy men, and to provide the experimental data for male contraception. The scrotums of 30 healthy male volunteers were exposed to the condition of 40 to 43\u00b0C SH belt warming 40\u2009minutes each day for successive 2 days per week. The course of SH was continuous for 3 months. Computer\u2010assisted semen analysis and hypo\u2010osmotic swelling test, sperm DNA integrity, <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010carnitine, MIF and EGF, and sperm fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed before, during, and after SH. The serum level of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. The mean parameters of sperm concentration, vitality, and normal morphological sperm were significantly decreased in groups with sperms being collected during 1, 2, and 3 months of SH when compared with those in groups of pre\u2010SH (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Statistically significant differences of sperm DNA fragmentation, normal sperm membrane functionality, levels of LC and MIF in semen, and LH, FSH, and T in serum were observed between the groups of before SH and after SH 3 months and the groups of during SH 1, 2, and 3 months (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The total rate of chromosome number for 13, 18, 21, X, and Y in the 3 months of SH was 13.7\u2010fold greater (13.72%\/1.69%) than before SH (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The constant SH can impact the semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, sperm chromosome, LC and MIF, and LH, FSH, and T in serum. Transient SH may be a new method for male contraception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T11:03:03Z","timestamp":1535799783000},"page":"10228-10238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effect of scrotal heating on sperm quality, seminal biochemical substances, and reproductive hormones in human fertile men"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6821-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei\u2010Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health and Family Planning Commission of China Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Family Planning Institute of Science and Technology Jinan 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