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Our previous meta\u2010analysis found that cigarette smoking is associated with a reduced risk of pterygium. Yet, the biological effect of cigarette smoke components on pterygium has not been studied. Here we reported the proliferation and migration properties of human primary pterygium cells with continuous exposure to nicotine and cotinine. Human primary pterygium cells predominantly expressed the \u03b15, \u03b21, and \u03b3 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Continuous exposure to the mixture of 0.15\u2009\u03bcM nicotine and 2\u2009\u03bcM cotinine retarded pterygium cell proliferation by 16.04% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009) and hindered their migration by 11.93% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039), without affecting cell apoptosis. SNAIL and \u03b1\u2010smooth muscle actin protein expression was significantly downregulated in pterygium cells treated with 0.15\u2009\u03bcM nicotine\u20102\u2009\u03bcM cotinine mixture by 1.33\u2010 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036) and 1.31\u2010fold (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), respectively. Besides, the 0.15\u2009\u03bcM nicotine\u20102\u2009\u03bcM cotinine mixture also reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)\u20101 and MMP\u20109 expressions in pterygium cells by 1.56\u2010 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043) and 1.27\u2010fold (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012), respectively. In summary, this study revealed that continuous exposure of nicotine and cotinine inhibited human primary pterygium cell proliferation and migration in vitro by reducing epithelial\u2010to\u2010mesenchymal transition and MMP protein expression, partially explaining the lower incidence of pterygium in cigarette smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,27]],"date-time":"2018-09-27T09:46:42Z","timestamp":1538041602000},"page":"4203-4213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Continuous exposure of nicotine and cotinine retards human primary pterygium cell proliferation and migration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Qichen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong 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