{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:04:48Z","timestamp":1791975888946,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,14]],"date-time":"2018-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cellular Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Small circular DNAs of 1.8 and 2.4\u2009kb were initially discovered in highly infectious Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob Disease (CJD) and scrapie particles from mammalian brain and cultured cells. Surprisingly, these protected cytoplasmic \"SPHINX\" DNAs contained replication (REP) initiation sequences resembling those of\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    phage viruses. An antibody was generated against a REP peptide encoded by the SPHINX 1.8 open reading frame (ORF) that was not present in mammals. It bound to a 41kd \u201cspx1\u201d protein on Western blots. Cytologically, spx1 concentrated in spinal cord synapses and pancreatic islet, but not exocrine cells. We hypothesized that circular SPHINX DNAs are ancient symbiotic elements that can participate in functional differentiation and neurodegeneration. Cell and tissue\u2010specific patterns of spx1 expression shown below implicate somatic cell\u2010to\u2010cell communication and differentiation functions that would favor conservation of SPHINX 1.8 in evolution. Remarkably, primary human oocytes and spermatogonia, but not mature sperm, displayed intense cytoplasmic spx1 signals that underscore the maternal inheritance of SPHINX 1.8. These findings should encourage investigations of unexplored networks of incorporated environmental infectious agents that can be key actors in progressive neurodegeneration, immunity, and cancer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,14]],"date-time":"2018-10-14T08:30:40Z","timestamp":1539505840000},"page":"6198-6208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prokaryotic SPHINX 1.8 REP protein is tissue\u2010specific and expressed in human germline cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4829-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Manuelidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neuropathology, Department of Surgery, Yale University Medical School  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