{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:27:05Z","timestamp":1773926825976,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81060077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81060077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cellular Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glaucoma is the world's second biggest cause of blindness, and patients progressively lose their eyesight. The current clinical treatment for glaucoma involves controlling intraocular pressure with drugs or surgery; however, some patients still progressively lose their eyesight. This treatment is also similar to the treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy. Thus, saving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from apoptosis is essential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of Acteoside on autophagy modulation in the 661\u2009W cell line.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we first find that Acteoside inhibits autophagy, Rapamycin alleviates this inhibition and the PI3K inhibitor, 3\u2010MA or LY294002, synergistically promotes it. In a mechanistic study, we find that Optineurin (OPTN) mediates Acteoside regulation of autophagy. OPTN overexpression or knockdown activates or inhibits autophagy, respectively. OPTN is inhibited by autophagy inhibitors, such as Acteoside and 3\u2010MA and is promoted by the autophagy activator, Rapamycin. Meanwhile, PI3K and AKT are elevated by Acteoside and 3\u2010MA and inhibited by Rapamycin. Finally, we find that Acteoside inhibits apoptosis in parallel to autophagy and that this inhibition is also mediated by OPTN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, we conclude that Acteoside inhibits autophagy\u2010induced apoptosis in RGCs through the OPTN and PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway, and glaucoma patients may benefit from Acteoside treatment alone or in combination with other autophagy inhibitors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T15:38:22Z","timestamp":1556206702000},"page":"13133-13140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Acteoside inhibits autophagic apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells to rescue glaucoma\u2010induced optic atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Qianbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University Kunming China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhendan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Therapy Shenzhen University Shenzhen 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