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Cardiac cachexia (CC), characterized by significant weight loss and muscle wasting, frequently occurs in progressive stage of HF. The pathophysiology of CC is multifactorial including nutritional and gastrointestinal alterations, immunological and neurohormonal activation, and anabolic\/catabolic imbalance. Neurohormones are critically involved in the development of both HF and CC. Melatonin is known as an anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant hormone. It seems that melatonin possibly regulates the neurohormonal signaling pathway related to muscle wasting in CC, but limited comprehensive data is available on the mechanistic aspects of its activity. In this, we reviewed the reports regarding the role of neurohormones in CC occurrence and possible activity of melatonin in modulation of HF and subsequently CC via neurohormonal regulation. In addition, we have discussed proposed mechanisms of action for melatonin considering its possible interactions with neurohormones. In conclusion, melatonin likely regulates the signaling pathways related to muscle wasting in CC by reducing tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 levels and activating the gene expression of insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101. Also, this hormone inhibits the proteolytic pathway by inhibiting nuclear factor\u2010\u03baB (NF\u2010\u03baB), renin\u2010angiotensin system and forkhead box protein O1 pathways and could increase protein synthesis by activating Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin. To elucidate the positive role of melatonin in CC and exact mechanisms related to muscle wasting more cellular and clinical trial studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T04:41:30Z","timestamp":1559796090000},"page":"16340-16351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The effects of melatonin on neurohormonal regulation in cardiac cachexia: A mechanistic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2503-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Jafari\u2010Vayghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science Tabriz University of Medical Sciences  Tabriz Iran"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences Tabriz University of Medical 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