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Besides regulating innate and adaptive immune capacity, macrophages are also decisively involved in tissue homeostasis. However, how resident macrophages are regulated after tissue damages is still far from elucidation. In the present study, we found that adipose\u2010derived stem cells (ADSCs) apparently promote bone defect rehabilitation in vivo via skewing differentiation of bone marrow\u2013derived macrophage (BMDMs) towards anti\u2010inflammatory M2 macrophages. In vitro data demonstrated that although ADSCs have the potential to differentiate to osteoblasts and adipose cells by using standard tissue culture\u2010differentiating conditions, these mesenchymal progenitors are mainly regulated to differentiate into osteoblasts with overexpressed runt\u2010related transcription factor 2, osteoprotegerin, osterix, and downregulated receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB ligand in the presence of BMDMs\u2010conditioned medium. Whereas BMDMs are polarized toward M2 macrophages with higher levels of arginase 1 and mannose receptor, but lower levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 when cocultured with ADSCs. In short, all these findings collectively demonstrated that ADSCs and resident host cells can synergistically contribute to the bony repair through mutual regulation of their differentiation and cytokine secretion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T07:26:18Z","timestamp":1563953178000},"page":"19891-19901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Bone marrow macrophage M2 polarization and adipose\u2010derived stem cells osteogenic differentiation synergistically promote rehabilitation of bone damage"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7189-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital  Xi'an Shannxi Province 710004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital  Xi'an Shannxi Province 710004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital  Xi'an Shannxi Province 710004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Run","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital  Xi'an Shannxi Province 710004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital  Xi'an Shannxi Province 710004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital  Xi'an Shannxi Province 710004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1981-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunzheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital  Xi'an Shannxi Province 710004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone and Joint Surgery Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital  Xi'an Shannxi Province 710004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7928"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2012.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2012.07941.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_1_6_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions. 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