{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T05:31:38Z","timestamp":1782192698418,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Cellular Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heptamethine cyanine dyes and anticancer agents based conjugates are being developed for enhanced targeting and killing of cancer cells. DZ\u20101 dye conjugated agents induced cytotoxicity and mechanism of action have been shown in previous studies. In this study, a conjugated form of DZ\u20101 and artesunate (DZ\u20101\u2010ART) was used to evaluate its cytotoxicity and elucidate the mechanism of actions in various cancer cell lines. Cells survival assays indicated dose\u2010dependent cytotoxic activities of DZ\u20101\u2010ART in HCT116, BxPC\u20103, and OVCAR\u20103 cell lines. Immunoblotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick\u2010end labeling assay confirmed involvement of apoptosis in DZ\u20101\u2010ART\u2010induced cytotoxicity. To elucidate the anticancer mechanism of the action of DZ\u20101\u2010ART, MitoTracker and JC\u20101 assay were used. The results showed that translocation of DZ\u20101\u2010ART in the mitochondria was followed by disruption of mitochondrial outer membrane potential. Dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay confirmed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in DZ\u20101\u2010ART treated cancer cells. An antioxidant, N\u2010acetyl cysteine treatment with DZ\u20101\u2010ART showed reduction in cell death as well as suppression of ROS generation. When compared to HCT116 wild\u2010type cells, Bak and Bax\u2010deficient HCT116 cells also showed similar levels of cytotoxicity of DZ\u20101\u2010ART. Taken together, this study's results reported that DZ\u20101\u2010ART could induce mitochondria\u2010mediated, ROS\u2010generated, and Bak and Bax\u2010independent apoptosis in cancer cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.70062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T10:29:59Z","timestamp":1756808999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Current Advances in Anticancer Properties of Heptamethine Carbocyanine DZ\u20101 Conjugated to Artesunate: Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Badrinath","family":"Narayanasamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California 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