{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T07:06:11Z","timestamp":1756191971088,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Laboratory Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients are susceptible to the development of vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Vitamin D through binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR) exerts its function and affects gene transcription in target tissues. VDR gene variants affect bone mineral density.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a case\u2010control study, 101 SCD patients including 61 sickle cell anemia (SCA), 39 S\/\u03b2\u2010thalassemia, and 1 HbS\/HbD (SD) along with 110 healthy individuals from Kurdistan of Iraq were studied. The lipid profile, vitamin D level, FokI, and TaqI variants of VDR and group\u2010specific component (GC) were detected using the standard enzymatic method, the immunodiagnostic systems limited EIA kit and PCR\u2010RFLP methods, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Around 93% and 82% of SCA and S\/\u03b2\u2010thalassemia patients, respectively, had VDD compared to 83% of healthy individuals. Severe VDD (&lt;10\u00a0ng\/ml) was detected in 78.7% of patients with HbSS. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL\u2010C, and LDL\u2010C in SCD patients were significantly lower compared to controls. Vitamin D levels were negatively correlated to TG and positively correlated to total cholesterol and HDL\u2010C. The frequencies of the C allele of FokI were 81.7% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003), 80.3% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.034), and 84.6% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011) in all SCD, SCA, and S\/\u03b2\u2010thalassemia patients, respectively, compared to 69.1% in controls. However, no significant difference was detected comparing the frequencies of VDR TaqI and GC polymorphisms between SCD patients and controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, we found hypocholesterolemia, high prevalence of VDR FokI C allele, and low vitamin D levels among children and adults with SCD from Kurdistan of Iraq.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T18:11:26Z","timestamp":1626286286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vitamin D level, lipid profile, and vitamin D receptor and transporter gene variants in sickle cell disease patients from Kurdistan of Iraq"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Abdalla Hussein","family":"Hama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry 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