{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T16:58:03Z","timestamp":1768409883885,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006485","name":"National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["99\/266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99\/266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006485","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Laboratory Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The spike protein has been reported as one of the most critical targets for vaccine design strategies against the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. Hence, we have designed, produced, and evaluated the potential use of three truncated recombinant proteins derived from spike protein as vaccine candidates capable of neutralizing SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 virus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In silico tools were used to design spike\u2010based subunit recombinant proteins (RBD (P<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), fusion peptide (P<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and S1\/S2\u00a0cleavage site (P<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)). These proteins were checked for their ability to be identified by the anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies by exposing them to COVID\u201019\u00a0serum samples. The proteins were also injected into mice and rabbit, and the antibody titers were measured for 390\u00a0days to assess their neutralization efficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The antibodies that existed in the serum of COVID\u201019 patients were identified by designed proteins. The anti\u2010spike antibody titer was increased in the animals injected with recombinant proteins. The VNT results revealed that the produced antibodies could neutralize the cultured live virus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Truncated subunit vaccines could also be considered as robust tools for effective vaccination against COVID\u201019. Using a combination of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments, it was shown that the injection of spike\u2010based truncated recombinant proteins could stimulate long\u2010lasting and neutralizing antibody responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T18:00:22Z","timestamp":1648576822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Recombinant subunits of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein as vaccine candidates to elicit neutralizing antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Noorabad Ghahroodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Sciences Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Rasaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran 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