{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:56:14Z","timestamp":1753869374092,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003243","name":"Ministerstvo Zdravotnictv\u00ed Cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU22\u2010A\u2010123","TUH 00064190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU22\u2010A\u2010123","TUH 00064190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Laboratory Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The longitudinal study was conducted over the initial 2\u2009years of the COVID\u201019 pandemic, spanning from June 2020 to December 2022, in healthcare workers (HCWs) of the Thomayer University Hospital. A total of 3892 blood samples were collected and analyzed for total nucleocapsid (N) antibodies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of N antibodies, their relationship to the PCR test, spike (S) antibodies, interferon\u2010gamma, and prediction of reinfection with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood collections were performed in three rounds, along with questionnaires addressing clinical symptoms of past infection, PCR testing, and vaccination. Antibody measurements included total N antibodies (Roche Diagnostics) and postvaccination S antibodies (Euroimmun). Cellular immunity was tested by interferon\u2010gamma release assay (Euroimmun).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At the end of the study, 35.9% of HCWs were positive for N antibodies, and 39.5% of HCWs had either known PCR positivity or N antibodies or both. Ten percent of participants had no knowledge of a COVID\u201019 infection and 35% of positive individuals exhibited no symptoms. The values of positive antibodies decrease over a period of 6\u2009months to 1\u2009year, depending on the initial value, and their dynamics are highly variable. The study also demonstrated that the highest levels of spike antibodies and interferon\u2010gamma occur during so\u2010called hybrid immunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nucleocapsid antibodies proved valuable in monitoring SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection dynamics, and they may detect cases of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection missed by PCR tests. The study identified distinct patterns in antibody dynamics and protection of hybrid immunity during reinfection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.25149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T12:08:43Z","timestamp":1736165323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nucleocapsid Antibodies as an Optimal Serological Marker of <scp>SARS<\/scp>\u2010<scp>CoV<\/scp>\u20102 Infection: A Longitudinal Study at the Thomayer University Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5971-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark\u00e9ta","family":"Ibrahimov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology Thomayer University Hospital  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladislava","family":"Jamrikov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Thomayer University Hospital  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Pavelkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control Thomayer University Hospital  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3394-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kl\u00e1ra","family":"Bo\u0159eck\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Thomayer University Hospital  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202000537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02107-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00742-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00906-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab148"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","article-title":"Antibody Tests for Identification of Current and Past Infection With SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","volume":"11","author":"Fox T.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-1413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175103"},{"volume-title":"COVID\u201019: Overview of the Current Situation in The Czech Republic. 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