{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:07:21Z","timestamp":1770062841320,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Laboratory Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study tested HIV\u20101 antibodies in saliva samples (sHIV\u20101 Ab) collected by the Self\u2010Lollisponge device.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood and saliva from confirmed persons with HIV and HIV\u2010negative controls were analyzed for HIV\u20101\/2 antibodies using the blood\u2010based First Response HIV 1\u20102.O Card Test. The sampling device containing sHIV\u20101 Ab was stored at 6\u00b0C for 60\u2009days, with intermittent testing on days 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60. Regression analysis was done to assess the relationship between the presence of sHIV\u20101 Ab and independent variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sensitivity and the specificity of detecting sHIV\u20101 Ab were 72.9% (95% CI: 63.92%\u201380.65%) and 100% (95% CI: 92.89%\u2013100.00%), respectively. The presence of opportunistic infections (AOR\u2009=\u200913.1, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), having stomatorrhagia (AOR\u2009=\u20094.56, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0022), and hyperviremia (&gt;\u2009201 copies\/mL) (AOR\u2009=\u20094.91, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0225) heightened sHIV\u20101 Ab detection. Furthermore, fatigue (AOR\u2009=\u200912.1, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0024), fever (AOR\u2009=\u20093.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0144), and weight loss (AOR\u2009=\u200910.9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0318) increased the odds of having sHIV\u20101 Ab in persons living with HIV (PLWHIV). sHIV\u20101 Ab was identified in over 90% of PLWHIV with opportunistic infections (OIs) and stomatorrhagia, OIs and hyperviremia, and stomatorrhagia and hyperviremia. Upon storage for 60\u2009days, the sHIV\u20101 Ab was detected in all the samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Saliva could be an alternative to blood for diagnosing HIV. In addition, the Self\u2010Lollisponge device was found to be user\u2010friendly, acquiescent to all settings, and cheap, and can preserve sHIV\u20101 Ab for at least 60\u2009days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T06:53:39Z","timestamp":1749711219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection of <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u20101 Antibodies in Saliva of Persons Living With <scp>HIV<\/scp> Using Blood\u2010Based First Response <scp>HIV<\/scp> 1\u20102.O Card Test"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6489-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enoch","family":"Aninagyei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences  Ho Volta Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Comfort Addo","family":"Boatey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences  Ho Volta Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gifty","family":"Larbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilson Bright","family":"Tsidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Department Catholic Hospital, Anfoega, Catholic Health Service Trust\u2010 Ho Diocese  Volta Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael Eyram","family":"Amemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences  Ho Volta Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebenezer Tawiah","family":"Nyarkotey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences  Ho Volta Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2397-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godknows","family":"Afenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences  Ho Volta Region Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desmond Omane","family":"Acheampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"NACP \u201cConsolidated Guidelines for Malaria \u201d2022Nacp 34\u201335."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajid.v7i2.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/pnur.2015.26.8.402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901004010088"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Evaluation of a Rapid Test for HIV Antibodies in Saliva and Blood","volume":"90","author":"Webber P. 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