{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:19:09Z","timestamp":1780384749242,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Laboratory Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Cryoglobulins (CGs) and Cryofibrinogen (CF) are proteins that precipitate at low temperatures. Complex laboratory procedures are necessary to identify them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Between December 2022 and December 2023, 1171 patient samples for analysis of CGs and CF were received in the laboratory from different clinical departments with suggestive clinical symptoms and signs of cryoproteinemia and were analyzed using pre\u2010analytical, analytical, and post\u2010analytical procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Cryoproteins were detected in 281 samples (47%); CGs+<\/jats:sup> were found in association with CF+<\/jats:sup> in 74 samples (12.52%); CF+<\/jats:sup> was detected with CGs\u2212<\/jats:sup> in 119 patients (20.13%); and CGs+<\/jats:sup> were found with CF\u2212<\/jats:sup> in 88 patients (14.9%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>CGs testing has long been common in laboratories, and the analytical and pre\u2010analytical procedures are well known, in contrast to CF testing, which has only emerged in recent years. Therefore, appropriate procedures are needed for testing both cryoproteins to optimize economic and human resources and reduce laboratory diagnostic times. At last, confirming a clinical suspicion of cryoproteinemia in a short time could improve patient outcomes, allowing suitable therapies to be implemented for vasculitis and related thromboembolic phenomena.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.70074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T07:59:52Z","timestamp":1752911992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Laboratory Practices for the Detection and Characterization of Cryoglobulins and Cryofibrinogen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Troiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit University Hospital Polyclinic of Bari Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Marinaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit University Hospital Polyclinic of Bari Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Patierno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit University Hospital Polyclinic of Bari Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Di Geronimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit University Hospital Polyclinic of Bari Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6051-5546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Demarinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histopathology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte (Ba) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit University Hospital Polyclinic of Bari Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Hyperproteinemia Associated With Multiple Myeloma","volume":"52","author":"Wintrobe M.","year":"1933","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780100513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90852-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000757"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.6.798"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90284-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Crioglobulinaemia","volume":"4","author":"Roccatello D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Rewiews Disease Primers"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V10.9.945.945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e318289e06e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.04.009"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"Ricerca, quantificazione e caratterizzazione delle crioglobuline: indicazioni per un protocollo condiviso","volume":"34","author":"Passerini G.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochimica Clinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0228-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/1999-123-0119-EOC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2075-8204","article-title":"Cryofibrinogen\u2010 Characteristics and Association With Cryoglobulin: A Retrospective Study out of a Series of 1712 Samples Over 7\u2009Years","volume":"123","author":"Kolopp\u2010Sarda M. 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