{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:23:34Z","timestamp":1784647414347,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Laboratory Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beh\u00e7et's disease (BD) is a complex systemic vasculitis with a poorly understood etiology that involves genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Increasing evidence suggests that viral and bacterial infections may trigger or exacerbate BD through immune\u2010mediated pathways. This review aims to clarify how different infectious agents may contribute to BD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For this review, articles addressing microbial involvement in BD were collected from established databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Priority was given to studies evaluating classical pathogens\u2014including Herpes simplex virus and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.\u2014as well as more recent agents such as SARS\u2010CoV\u20102,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Findings from immunological, molecular, and clinical research were integrated to highlight shared mechanisms related to host\u2013pathogen interactions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reviewed literature shows that microbial infections may influence BD through multiple interconnected mechanisms. A central concept is the possible cross\u2010reactivity between microbial and human heat shock proteins (HSPs), which may activate Th1\/Th17 cytokine pathways and enhance neutrophil activity. The review also highlights the dual functions of TRIM proteins in antiviral responses and inflammatory dysregulation, as well as the involvement of inflammasome activation and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). These combined processes may help explain how infections initiate or intensify immune responses in BD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By synthesizing current microbial and immune evidence, this review provides an updated perspective on BD immunopathogenesis and outlines testable mechanisms for future research. Understanding these links may support the development of more targeted therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.70133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T11:16:37Z","timestamp":1764414997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Role of Viral and Bacterial Infections in the Etiology of Beh\u00e7et's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Moghoofei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Center, Health Policy and Promotion Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Pajavand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6821-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razieh","family":"Shahbazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzieh","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5449-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elahe","family":"Taki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez626"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lgt.0000225897.29466.e4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105593"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00665"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Beh\u00e7et's Disease: Autoimmune or Autoinflammatory?","volume":"8","author":"Hedayatfar A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.11.026"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","first-page":"2093","article-title":"Microbiome and Beh\u00e7et's Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"41","author":"Joubert M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2024.07.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-024-01303-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13930"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-01853-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01650-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202010-3880OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","unstructured":"H.Beh\u00e7et \u201cUber Rezidivierende Aphth\u00f6se Durch Ein Virus Verursachte Geschwure am Mund am Auge und an den H. 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